Representation Of The American Dream Film Studies Essay

â€Å" Independence Day † is a movie directed by Roland Emmerich WHAT HAPPENED RELEASED? ? ? in 1996, which shows the planet under an foreign onslaught, where the U.S. is the centre of the job and the state that saves the universe. In relation to this movie several elements can be analyzed belonging to the American civilization. One of the most important is The American Dream. An ideal of American civilization that is based on democracy and equality and aims to keep the public assistance of society, in order to accomplish the fulfilment of the dreams of its members. Based on this, the inquiry that this paper attempts to reply is: To what extent the film â€Å" Independence Day † directed by Roland Emmerich reflects the American dream? In this paper is exposed how there is a relationship between The American Dream as a cultural component that represents an American ideal and the book of the movie, where elements, the movie nowadayss such as leading, equality in footings of race, gender and societal context, and the image of a perfect democracy REPRESENT THIS FEATURE. So we can see IN THIS WAY that the movie represents to a great extent and really clearly the American Dream, because it reaffirms the cardinal function of American civilization on a planetary context by exposing the values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹of the American Dream as the state defends the planet from the Alien onslaught, it besides brings these values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹to a planetary context as it takes the independency Day as a jubilation of planetary importance, and demoing America as a state where the dreams of an full state and its members are fulfilled. Word count: 262IntroductionNowadays The United States is one of the most influential states in the planetary context, taking into history its economic and military power. However its importance worldwide is besides due to their civilization, a civilization that has strongly expanded in the Western Hemisphere by distributing a set of imposts, traditions and ideals. Among the strongest and representative ideals of American civilization is what is known as â€Å" The American Dream † , a construct that has transcended through history and has strongly consolidated American civilization by demoing that in this state people can accomplish an ideal life style where all of its members fulfill their dreams in a state that enforces their rights and public assistance. Taking this into history it is of import to analyse how these ideals are represented and displayed as portion of American civilization by concentrating on a specific cultural artefact, in this instance the movie â€Å" Independence Day † directed by Roland Emmerich released on 1996. Roland Emmerich is a German movie manager, film writer and manufacturer known by his scientific discipline fiction productions which normally show humanity under ruinous and hazardous state of affairss. That is why on â€Å" Independence Day † a ruinous context can be seen a context in which Planet Earth is under an Alien onslaught and places The United States in the centre of the calamity and as a state that puts all of its attempts to salvage the planet. The purpose of this paper is to demo: To what extent the movie â€Å" Independence Day † directed by Roland Emmerich reflects the American Dream. For this IT IS NECESSARY TO analyse the construct of The American Dream as portion of their civilization in relation to the elements that the movie shows, an analysis of the book by demoing the different state of affairss and characters, and an analysis of the symbols used throughout the movie.THE AMERICAN DREAM AS REPRESENTATION OF THEIR CULTUREThe construct of the American Dream was introduced by James Truslow Adams in his book â€Å" The Epic America † , where he talks about this construct as a societal ideal representative of American civilization, which seeks equality in footings of chances and a comfy life style for everyone, based on a proper usage of democracy to accomplish it. â€Å" The American dream is the cultural look of North American individuality and, even if it was on occasion transformed into the American i ncubus, it remains one of the most motivative forces of American civilisation and a still feasible item of American exceptionalism. † ( Stiuliuc, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to this, Diana Stiuliuc in her text â€Å" The American Dream as the Cultural Expression of North American Identity † claims that the American Dream despite the different readings that may hold, will ever mention to the American civilization as a alone factor that represents the American national individuality. Taking these definitions into history we can see how this concepts fit the American civilization, because it is based on democracy and equality, constructs that were consolidated as portion of that civilization since they were mentioned in the American fundamental law and the declaration of Independence. On the other manus, mentioning to Ferdinand Lasalle who said on his book â€Å" On the kernel of fundamental laws † ( YEAR ) that civilization is related with public consciousness, we can see a relationship between the Constitution and civilization. It means that the fundamental law has to reflect the facets of society that are determined by their imposts, their morality, their thoughts about good and evil and in general all sort of facets that represent the members of a society, in order to do people place with the fundamental law and really obey the Torahs. Harmonizing to this and concentrating in the film, it is important to stand out some constructs that clearly reflect The American Dream because they are based on democracy and equality, the construct of The United States as a state with a perfect democracy, a multicultural state and a planetary leader.Analysis OF THE SCRIPTThroughout the movie America is depicted in many ways as a theoretical account of democracy. Several thoughts present in the authoritative paperss mentioned appear as constructs in the movie ‘s secret plan, there are chiefly four thoughts represented in the movie, they are: America depicted as a progressive state, America depicted as a land in which ends can be fulfilled with adequate attempt, America as a state in which peace and the due procedures are a precedence, and America as a state which authorization comes from the consent of the governed. America is shown as a progressive state in footings of its political construction, as the film shows how the state is worried about societal advancement and public assistance. One of the chief characters in the movie is the President who takes on many functions depending on the state of affairss he faces throughout the movie ; one of these functions is that of a immature yet wise politician. In the movie America is shown as a land in which young person is non a hinderance in footings of wisdom. This is shown at the beginning of the movie when the President ‘s communicating manager Constance Halbrook, another of import character, shows the intelligence to the President reasoning that people are assailing non his policies but his age. Other types of progressive thought are shown throughout the film such as the presence of argument and protest among the citizens. The President is shown as a human being despite his function as a hero, if he is non defeated at the terminal of the movie, it is due to his art as a politician and soldier alternatively of a set of particular abilities built-in to himself. Protestors are shown when US constabularies and military forces take topographic point near to the Alien ships. And argument is implied in occasional Television broadcasts shown as secondary secret plan devices. America is depicted as a land in which dreams can be fulfilled throughout the full movie. Almost each character starts his or her journey with a certain defeat, David failed as a scientist, Constance failed in her old relationship with David, Steven could non acquire a occupation in NASA and Jasmine struggles with maintaining her household together. At the terminal of the movie after each character is forced to turn and has to set immense attempts in developing their accomplishments or traveling through great hazard, is able to carry through his or her ends, David and Steve win in their onslaught to the foreigner ship, Constance and Jasmine are able to set their households together. America is besides shown as a peaceable state that wo n't assail unless it is attacked foremost. After Alien ships are positioned over each major metropolis in the United States the President gives the order to near them in a peaceable manner by holding a group of choppers get near to one of the infinite ships and air a welcome message. Following an violative by the Aliens the President gives the order of a countermove. Besides it is implied at several minutes that America is a state that respects the domination of others, it is merely after the United States domination is threatened that unfastened war Begins. This is closely related to the thought mentioned before that America is a state in which authorization comes from the consent of the governed. Most scenes in the film show scenarios of political life, Television arguments, the Oval Office, the White House and so on, democracy is a cardinal subject to the film. A really representative minute of this thought is when the President decides to fix a atomic onslaught merely after having a message from the Aliens that describes their method ; Foreigners are compared to locusts, their kernel is that of the exact antonym to the freedom of a democratic authorities. Some of the mentioned thoughts have a analogue in authoritative paperss. The 5th amendment of the United States fundamental law references â€Å" due procedure † as one of the chief constituents of justness in the United States ; this thought is re-enacted several times during the movie. â€Å" Nor shall be compelled in any condemnable instance to be a informant against himself, nor be deprived of life, autonomy, or belongings, without due procedure of jurisprudence † . ( U.S fundamental law. Amendment. 5 ) . The Declaration Of Independence provinces that the beginning of authorization of each state should be the consent of the governed and non the autocratic regulation of a sovereign, and that thought is reflected in the film as it shows the concerns of the president anytime he is doing a determination that may or may non profit people. Another ill-famed thought is the representation of America as a multicultural state. Different genders and ethnicities are shown in the film busying different of import functions, as it is an thought of equality that reaffirms The American Dream. Scientists are shown as people from Caucasic, Asiatic and Afro-american descent every bit good as one of the chief characters, David, who is clearly of Judaic descent. Womans have of import functions during the movie excessively, Constance and Margaret, the First Lady, are shown as brave and dedicated adult females among the universe of political relations, and Jasmine is shown as a strong adult female and female parent willing to make what it takes in order to last and protect her household. It is of import to advert about this component of the movie what Hanson said on her work â€Å" American Dream in the twenty-first Century † an thought that shows a close relationship between the movie and the American Dream. â€Å" The American Dream represents a province of head that is an digesting optimism given to a people who might be tempted to yield to the parturiencies of hardship, but who, alternatively, repeatedly rise from the ashes to go on to construct a great state. † ( Hanson, White, 2011 ) . Soldiers that are one of the chief constituents of the secret plan are besides from different cultural backgrounds. There is representation of Caucasians, African-Americans and Latinos, each individual is compelled to contend for the independency of the United States irrespective of their cultural background or business as is chiefly shown with Russell a husbandman who is considered brainsick and intoxicated during most of the movie but turns into a hero by the terminal. Both the 15th and 19th amendments to the United States fundamental law support gender and race diverseness by protecting the right to vote of people from all genders and ethnicities. This thought is an indispensable portion of The American Dream and their civilization, and is hence represented in the movie repeatedly. Aside from that, it is of import to advert how the military forces of the United States of America are shown throughout the movie. Military forces are of import since they are the first establishment of the American authorities to look in the movie after the foreigners have appeared and have been identified, they are the first group to confront the menace and set research and analysis into gesture. They are besides the first 1s to set up a defensive stance towards the encroachers. This is shown in the film since a Pentagon functionary who discovers the Aliens presence takes as first step the action of citing the Secretary of Defense. A really outstanding thought shown in the movie is the American place in respects of struggle against enemies. It is really of import to stand out their function as negotiants and a peaceable society at the beginning of the movie, they ab initio will non assail unless they are attacked. In the movie, the first attack to the foreigners by the American authorities is a peaceable 1. After this peaceable effort goes awfully incorrect and the foreigners onslaught, the ground forces is given the green visible radiation to revenge. This response as we mentioned before was of class more than ready. This peaceable characteristic of the American society has every bit good analogues in the official paperss. In the Declaration Of Independence, it is stated that the King of England had attacked foremost by puting military personnels in American district even in times of peace. It besides says that America will remain in peace with all its Alliess and friends but will be in war with any enemy. Making an analysis of the chief characters ‘ points of position we can see that they ever keep an attitude of courage and enthusiasm. First of all we can see how the President ever keeps a courageous image and is ne'er afraid or intimidated by the Aliens ; he is ever present at every minute, declining any invitation to a shelter and making everything possible for his state. This thought is reinforced when he decides to be a member of the concluding violative combat like any other soldier. Another component depicted in the movie that reinforces this thought of America as a peaceful and caring state yet ready to conflict, is how solidarity is an indispensable feature of all characters ‘ personality. This thought is conspicuously shown one time once more in the President. He is invariably shown as a loving household adult male. He appears for the first clip during the movie while having a call from his married woman and being with his girl. He stays with his girl throughout the full movie and has his married woman in head. On the other manus, David is shown as a character attached to moral unity, an conservationist ever concerned about taking attention of the planet and the greater good. He is because of that the first 1 to travel against the determination of establishing a atomic assault. Another recurrent subject in the movie is the word picture of the United States as a technological ace power. Scientists are during the narrative more than support characters, they are heroes. Since the beginning of the movie scientific installations are shown. In fact the first character to look in the movie is a scientist. The movie goes back and Forth between political and scientific scenarios in which all characters interact. America displays power in the movie through political relations, the ground forces and engineering. All these three scenarios are closely intertwined and together organize what makes the United States a ace power in the movie. As mentioned, scientific discipline appears in the movie really early. The first image is a shooting of the American flag placed on the Moon demoing one of the biggest accomplishments of humanity in footings of infinite geographic expedition. Then it continues by picturing a scene of a High-tech installation in which scientists discover for the first clip the presence of the Alien encroachers. The importance of scientific discipline in the film non merely as a tool of endurance but as an icon of American pride is reinforced every clip that characters face an obstruction in footings of engineering. Very early in the movie a member of the armed forces is aggravated when an employee of the Pentagon admits that they are confused about what is traveling on. Another characteristic of the movie related to the word picture of engineering is the manner that other states ‘ engineering is represented. Iraq and Russia are shown as states in ruins after the foreign onslaught, the Russian orbiter is shown as old and is instantly destroyed, it is implied that the lone web the Aliens usage is the American 1. David is hence the most of import character in the movie in footings of engineering. His personal journey goes from being a scientist who failed professionally despite his surveies and intelligence to being the 1 who discovers the foreigner communicating system and the 1 who learns how to destruct their defences. David is the mastermind who represents the true power of America which is non the beastly show of force but the usage of cognition, engineering and advancement. It is because of him that the universe has to follow America ‘s lead during conflict. Another really outstanding representation of America in the movie is that of the state being shown as a brave and resilient state. Americans are shown as heroes who overcome hardship no affair how strong their oppositions may be, ever willing to support themselves and their people, American scientists, politicians and soldiers seem to be utterly resilient and indestructible. That characteristic though is non shown as the get downing point of the movie, in fact, America ‘s most powerful metropoliss are destroyed and all of their military attempts are rendered useless before the onslaught is successful exposing a narrative of heroes who had to give everything in order to win and who to be able to support their freedom had to trust on their courage merely. Indeed America is shown as the â€Å" Land of The Free and the Home of The Brave † many times during the film. The figures of the President and the First Lady are illustrations of bravery, unwilling to conceal, both decide to remain with the people of America during the foreigner onslaughts even after they are offered protection. The First Lady ‘s forfeit is hence the ultimate show of courage and will to defy against the oppressors. Even right before her decease she is shown as a warrior who has set her head on the lone end of supporting her state even at the point of give uping her life, she says she trusts her hubby ‘s capablenesss in winning the conflict turning her decease into the traveling force of the President ‘s finding to win. The President is so the most of import figure of courage and resiliency. Not merely he is challenged in footings of his occupation he is besides personally attacked and has his household destroyed before he can stand against the foreigners. This mixture of professional and personal duty comes together in his function as a soldier. The President is besides a soldier with particular abilities in the Fieldss of air combat, he personally leads the concluding conflict against the foreigners, because of this ground he is cardinal to America ‘s triumph, he embodies the might of the State, the courage of Americans and the people ‘s will to defy and boom through great attempts. Other chief characters are symbols of bravery and resiliency. Russell is the everyman who even after being described as a bad male parent and mediocre adult male saves the twenty-four hours by demoing that nil else is more of import than functioning his state and carry throughing his responsibilities as an American soldier, the President grants him the position of hero, because of this ground Russell receives the blessing of his household and in malice of his old failure he turns into a hero because of his courage and willing to give. Steven is besides the soldier who is willing to lose everything if it is for his state and his loved 1s. His motives are carry throughing his dream of being an spaceman, functioning his state and protecting the household he wants to organize with Jasmine. He puts himself at great hazard by being a portion of the stealing mission to destruct the enemy defence and does it without any vacillation. The same goes for David who as a member of this mission risks everything in name of the things he believes in, he is shown as an conservationist who would make anything in order to salvage his state. Jasmine on the other manus shows another type of opposition. She is the 1 that as a chief character represents the people of America. The mundane combatant, the passionate female parent, she can merely defy by making what every civilian can make, being brave and swearing her province leaders. This is another outstanding characteristic of the movie. Peoples are shown as hopeless yet courageous citizens, they do n't hold the strength to contend against the foreigners but do so by seting their trust in their authorities. The American civilians have anyhow a common feature with the military and authorities their failing that turns into courage and eventually triumph. Then war is non between two every bit powerful oppositions, worlds are evidently outnumbered and overpowered. Their machines and arms are shown as bantam following to the immense arms of the foreigners, even the concluding arm against their defences is bantam, a computing machine virus, demoing that intelligence, bravery and forfeit are worth more than natural force.Use OF SYMBOLSOne of the most outstanding symbols shown in the film is the address given by the President to the soldiers prior to the conflict against the foreigners, where non merely are displayed loyal ideals but besides America is depicted as a state that to the full represents the promises of the American dream. One of the chief symbolic mentions is the declaration of the 4th of July as a world-wide jubilation widening the thought of The United States national independenc y to the full universe declaring that manner that the ideals of the American revolution and its independency values are applicable to the full universe and should hence be celebrated by all states since they represent what is good for every state. This mention to the 4th of July, which is of class a chief thought in the movie sing its relevancy in relation to the rubric, topographic points America as the leader of the universe. The United States authorities and its military establishments are the 1s to get down and take the onslaught against the foreign menace ; the mentioned address keeps a strong moral and military rhetoric manner. The response from the hearers of the address is extremely emotional as they are all willing to support these cosmopolitan values in a clear mention to The American Dream. On the other manus we can speak about the symbols displayed visually. Throughout the movie different topographic points are shown and many are representative of American civilization. Chiefly, authorities edifices like the Pentagon or the White House and national memorials like the Statue of Liberty are shown, besides the skylines of New York City and the metropolis of Los Angeles are repeatedly featured. These symbols are a representation of the chief facets of American civilization in relation to The American Dream ; authorities edifices represent the power of the United States, its importance in maintaining peace and order, as they show the importance of democracy. Cities like New York or Los Angeles are non merely the chief economic centres of the state but the most celebrated touristic finishs in America.DecisionFinally it can be seen how the construct of the American Dream has a really of import function in everything related to the American civilization, from it, the bases for a great sum of societal ideals that represent and promote American civilization and individuality have been formed. The American Dream efforts to carry through all ideals of equality and common wellbeing a state where the dreams of all its members can go a world depending on the extent to which they belong to the American society. It is really interesting besides to analyse how these constructs go back to authoritative texts like the Declaration Of Independence and the Constitution of the United States since the importance of making a planetary state had already been stated. Taking this into history, it can be seen how this movie includes clear mentions reaffirming the cultural importance of the American Dream in a planetary context by demoing how this state has the capacity of being a universe leader and maintaining a society together. In the movie, the constructs that depict the United States as a state with a perfect authorities system can be seen. America achieves through democracy a society that has equal rights for everyone regardless of ethnicity, gender and societal differences but most of the movie depicts America as a state able to maintain a society in harmoniousness where corporate aims and single dreams are fulfilled. Finally, in footings of the enquiry that guides this paper, it can be seen that the movie greatly represents the American Dream. Even from the rubric which refers to an American vacation but places it on a planetary context we can see how this movie shows American values as the reply the universe needs to be able to last the invasion. We can see in the movie how the United States is tested and destroyed merely so it can reaffirm itself as a powerful state in all its facets, chiefly culturally, demoing the importance of the American Dream at a national and international degree. Word count: 3974

Focus on a particular scene Essay

This essay will focus on a particular scene in â€Å"A View From The Bridge† An argument and subsequent fight rises between Eddie Carbone and Rodolpho, an Italian illegal immigrant and nephew of Eddie’s wife, Beatrice. A View from the Bridge was written by Arthur Miller and is set in a slum in New York in the 1950s.  A View From the Bridge is about a working class Italian immigrant community in the Red Hook section of New York, illegal immigrants often stayed until they settled into America or gained legal status. The story focuses on the Carbone family; Eddie, his wife Beatrice and their niece Catherine. They help Beatrice’s cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, who have illegally emigrated to America earn a living in order to send money home to their poverty stricken families in Sicily. The central theme of the play is honour. In act two Marco accuses Eddie of † Killing my children† and this obviously dirties Eddie Carbone’s name. Consequently Eddie challenges Marco to a fight in order to clear his name. This results in Marco fatally stabbing Eddie in the concluding brawl at the end of the play.  This scene comes at an important part of the play; this is because it sparks off the eventual fight between Eddie and Marco. The end of Act One is a turning point mainly because Eddie raises some highly controversial questions about Rodolpho’s sexuality when he says, â€Å"he sings, he cooks and he makes dresses† implying that he behaves like a traditional wife, Eddie appears to be questioning Rodolpho’s masculinty, Rodolpho doesn’t understand. As a result of this scene the vendetta between Eddie, Rodolpho and Marco grows more serious leading up to a tragic finish at the end of the play. The characters in this particular scene are Eddie, Catherine, Beatrice and two southern Italian immigrants called Marco and Rodolpho. Eddie and Beatrice look after their young seventeen year old, naive niece Catherine. (Louis and Mike are long shoremen like Eddie who don’t come into the story often.). The scene reveals the characters’ personalities such as Eddie’s moaning, self-questioning and bitter attributes when he jealously ridicules Rodolpho’s camp and effeminate personality. Beatrice is Eddie’s loving, loyal wife and Catherine has lived with them all her life so she is like a daughter to them. Beatrice is a housewife and lives on Eddie’s wages. Catherine appears to be a young naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve girl who is desperate to get a job, which Eddie will approve of. She seems to hope that if this happens Eddie will treat her in a more adult way and be proud of her. Marco is strong with a tough build. In a modern society he would be described as very much his own man. This means that he doesn’t let others make decisions for him. Eddie mentions that † Nobody questions Marco,† suggesting that Marco is more than capable of defending himself. Marco shows us that he is quiet, reserved and tough. He warns Eddie that he is a potential danger to him by raising a chair that Eddie fails to lift. Previously Marco has behaved in a more reserved fashion and had kept himself to himself. Almost as if he was in solitary confinement. In this part of the play Eddie behaves like a protective father, putting a curfew on the time that Catherine returns home. He also makes decisions about what men Catherine dates and what clothes she wears. He wants to control her life even though she is old enough to get married. Eddie goes on to say that he didn’t â€Å"like the looks† that she had been getting in the â€Å"candy store†. Furthermore he shows his disapproval about her waving to his friend Louis commenting â€Å"I could tell you things about Louis which you wouldn’t wave to him no more†. This suggests that Eddie at this point of the story is having trouble accepting that his niece has grown up and is becoming interested in men. He is also jealous of the relationship between Catherine and Rodolpho. It is apparent through Marco’s behaviour suggests that he is getting sick and tired of Eddie’s antics. This is evident when Marco intervenes in the heated sparring match between Eddie and Rodolpho. Another example of the rivalry between Marco, Rodolpho and Eddie is when Marco lifts a chair that Eddie fails to; Marco greets this with a â€Å"Triumphant smile†.  Rodolpho dances with Catherine after the sparring match with Eddie. This shows Eddie that Rodolpho loves her and is not just after his American citizenship. However this is more a message to Eddie that he isn’t scared of him and.

Child Education In India Education Essay

Education has continued to germinate, diversify and widen its range and coverage since the morning of human history. Every state develops its system of instruction to show and advance its alone socio-cultural individuality and besides to run into the challenges of the times. There are minutes in history when a new way has to be given to an antique procedure. That minute is today. The state has reached a phase in its economic and proficient development when a major attempt must be made to deduce the maximal benefit from the assets already created and to guarantee that the fruits of alteration reach all subdivisions. Education is the main road to that end. Issues Prevelance of Child labor: All non-school traveling kids are child workers in one signifier or the other. Agricultural kid labor constitutes the nucleus of the job. Child labour policies and instruction policies have to be formulated and operated in tandem. Parents do desire to direct their kids to be educated and poorness as a confining factor is extremely over-rated. Motivation and handiness of substructure instead than poorness are the cardinal factors. The paper underlines the strengths of formal instruction in eliminating child labor and forcefully argues for a statute law to supply for compulsory education.A The chief statement against child labor and mandatory instruction is that it is necessary for the well-being of the hapless as the province is unable to supply alleviation. The 2nd statement, is that instruction would do the hapless ill-sorted for the sort of manual work that is required to be done. The 3rd statement is that certain industries would be forced to shut down if they did non hold the installation of the low pay kid labor. The last statement against censoring child labor and implementing mandatory instruction is that the State should non be allowed to interfere in the parents ‘ rights who know what is best for their kids and households. Lack of Coverage: Despite the regular enlargement of the ICDS, the coverage of kids for ECCE is still every bit low as 20 per centum. This is an issue of both unequal entree and unequal quality of service bringing. With ICDS go oning to be the chief vehicle for ECCE, the GOI is suggesting to spread out the service further and universalise it within the following few old ages. While this is a welcome proposal, the hazard is of spread outing excessively fast and compromising on quality. Girl Child Education: The Indian authorities has expressed a strong committedness towards instruction for all ; nevertheless, India still has one of the lowest female literacy rates in Asia. In 1991, less than 40 per centum of the 330 million adult females aged 7 and over were literate, which means today there are over 200 million illiterate adult females in India. Laws Associating to Child Education in IndiaConstitutional place of instruction in IndiaWhile sing the assorted facets of instruction with respect to province duty, judicial readings, given to this duty by assorted legal experts are the primary beginning of larning. In the good old times, instruction was basically an act of charity or philanthropic gift. Then, it was thought of as an ‘occupation ‘ . Judicial pronouncement went so far as to see it as an ‘industry ‘ . Whether or non to comprehend instruction as a cardinal right or non has been debated for a long clip. The constitution and the disposal of an educational establishment for the conveyance of cognition to pupils is an business, protected by Article 19 ( 1 ) ( g ) and to boot by Article 26 ( a ) , if there is no component of net income coevals. Imparting instruction has come to be a agency of support for some professionals. It is considered as a mission in life for some philanthropists. â€Å" Education † was a State Subject in position of the undermentioned Entry 11, placed in List II State List: – â€Å" 11. Education including universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. † By the Constitution ( 42nd Amendment ) Act 1976, the above-said Entry was directed to be deleted and alternatively Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be appropriately amended so as to read as under: – â€Å" 25. Education, including proficient instruction, medical instruction and universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I ; vocational and proficient preparation of labor † The Constitution of India has laid a directive before the province to do a proviso of free and mandatory instruction for kids below the age of 14 old ages. 45. Provision for free and mandatory instruction for kids: The State shall endeavour to supply, within a period of 10 old ages from the beginning of this Constitution, for free and mandatory instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 14 old ages. However, the authorities has non been successful in supplying equal installations of instruction for the under privileged kids, located in the rural countries. The Supreme Court in the instance Unnikrishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) ruled that the right to instruction is a cardinal right that flows from the right to life in Article 21 of the Constitution. Following this opinion, the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A, saying, â€Å" The State shall supply free and mandatory instruction to all kids of the age of six to fourteen old ages in such mode as the State may, by jurisprudence, determine. † The 86th Amendment besides modified Article 45, which now reads â€Å" The State shall endeavour to supply early childhood attention and instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 6 old ages. † The province late enacted the Right to Education Act, seeking to consequence the 86th Constitutional amendmentJudiciary and EducationIn the judgement of Unnikrishnan, a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a strategy that governs admittances to professional colleges. The chief aim was to guarantee that virtue prevails in the affair of admittances, both in regard of what were called â€Å" free seats † every bit good as in regard of â€Å" payment seats. † This judgement was rendered on February 4, 1993. The strategy was to be effectual from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards. Review Petitions were filed by several establishments against the said judgement. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench. The judgement of P.A. Inamdar and others vs. State of Maharashtra was a landmark in the field of educational jurisprudence. Law studies are full with opinions related to the instruction in its several facets. Until the T.M.A Pai Foundation instance, there were four oft- quoted prima instances refering the field of instruction, viz. , ( I ) Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) 1 SCC 645 ( two ) St. Stephen ‘s College v. University of Delhi ( 1992 ) 1 SCC 558 ( three ) Ahmedabad St. Xavier ‘s College Society v. State of Gujarat ( 1974 ) 1 SCC 717 and ( four ) Rhenium: Kerala Education Bill, 1957, ( 1958 ) SCR 995.Right to Education ActThe Right to Education Act seeks to give consequence to the 86th Amendment of the Constitution of India. Outstanding commissariats: The State shall guarantee a school in every vicinity Every school shall conform to certain minimal criterions, defined in the Bill Government schools shall supply free instruction to all admitted kids Private schools shall acknowledge at least 25 % of kids from weaker subdivisions ; no fee shall be charged to these kids Screening trials at the clip of admittance and capitation fees are prohibited for all kids Government schools will be managed by School Management The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted to supervise all facets of simple instruction including quality.The Right to Education Act prescribes the Rights of Every Child as follows:Every kid between the age of 6 and 14 old ages has the right to full-time free and mandatory instruction in a neighbourhood school. Non-enrolled kids, of age group 7-9 old ages, have the right to be admitted in an age-appropriate class within one twelvemonth of the beginning of the Act, and kids, of age group 9-14 old ages, have the right to be provided particular programmes that will enable them to go to such class within three old ages. Children with terrible or profound disablement, who are unable to go to a neighbourhood school, have the right to be provided instruction in an appropriate environment. A kid can non be held back in any class or expelled from a school boulder clay Class VIII. Any ejection requires an order of the School Management Committee ( SMC ) , which will be given merely after all other disciplinary steps have been exhausted, and parents/guardians have been heard. The local authorization will take stairss to inscribe such a kid in another neighbourhood school.The Act besides prescribes the duty of the State as follows:The State shall guarantee handiness of a neighbourhood school for every kid within three old ages. In instance of non-availability, free conveyance or free residential installations shall be provided. The state/UT authorities shall find every twelvemonth the demand of schools, installations, and their locations ; set up extra schools as required ; deploy instructors and create installations for their preparation. The State shall develop a mechanism to supervise registration, engagement and attainment position of every kid, and take disciplinary stairss wheresoever required. Information in this respect will be made available in the public sphere, including on an online footing. School Admissions No school can carry on any screening process of any kid or parents at the clip of admittance. Children will be selected for admittance in a random mode. Capitation fees are prohibited.Commissariats refering School Management:All non-government schools have to be recognized by a Competent Authority or they must close down. The Act specifies certain norms ( such as teacher-student ratio, physical substructure etc. ) to be fulfilled by all schools as a pre-requisite for being recognized. All State and aided schools are required to organize School Management Committees ( SMCs ) with at least 75 % of the members being parents/guardians, and the other members stand foring instructors, the community and the local authorization. SMCs will pull off the school, including the countenance of leaveCommissariats sing Content and ProcessSchools and academic governments explicating course of study shall conform to the values enshrined in the Constitution. Schools should run in a child- friendly and child- centred mode. No kid shall be required to look at a public scrutiny before finishing Grade VIII. Policies and SchemesOutstanding Policies in the Context of Provision of Early Childhood Care and Education ( ECCE ) in IndiaNational Nutrition Policy ( 1993 ) which recognized kids below six old ages as bad groups to be given high precedence. National Policy on Empowerment of Women ( 2001 ) , supported proviso of child care installations, including creches at work topographic points. India besides ratified Convention on Rights of the Child in 1992 and reaffirmed its committedness to kids, which resulted in preparation of policy model to fix a National Charter for Children. National Commission for Children has besides been set up. The Commission as visualized would protect/safeguard the rights of kids with a strong legal base. National Plan of Action for Children ( 2005 ) included universalisation of ECCE as one of the ends. It specified attention, protection and development chances for kids below 3 old ages and integrated attention and development and pre-school acquisition chances for 3-6 twelvemonth olds. National Curriculum Framework ( 2005f emphasized two old ages of pre-schooling and considered ECCE as important for holistic development of the kid, as a readying for schooling and as a support service for adult females and misss. It advocated play-based developmentally appropriate course of studyIntegrated Child Development Services ( ICDS )India has the differentiation of holding conceptualized and floated possibly the universe ‘s largest plan for kids, modeled on the definition which says that working with kids means a more holistic position one of its constituents is child instruction, every bit early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) , this plan targets kids, pregnant and breastfeeding female parents and adolescent misss from a lifecycle perspective Non-formal preschool instruction has been one of its nucleus constituents.Other Policies and Schemesaˆ? National Policy on Education, 1968 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 ( As modified in 1992 ) aˆ? National Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government, announced in May, 2004 Infusions associating to Education aˆ? National Curriculum Framework, 2005 aˆ? National Commission for Protection of Child Rights aˆ? Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha aˆ? Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ( RMSA ) aˆ? Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education aˆ? Information and Communication Technology in Schools ( ICT @ Schools ) aˆ? Primary Education – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan SuggestionsDecentralized and holistic planning for kids:Given India ‘s diverseness and scale the planning procedure and designing of intercessions for kids have to be contextualized. This can merely be possible through a decentralized and participatory attack to planning and execution. The Education sector already has experience of this attack to some extent and the plans /services for younger kids would necessitate to larn from this experience and make out to kids in a more targeted and local specific manner.Precedence to and Ownership of ECCE:Very late, the entire duty of ECCE has been shifted from Department of Education within the Ministry of Human Resource Development to a freshly created Ministry of Women and Child Development. Though, it is excessively early to notice upon the deductions of this determination, nevertheless, it is likely to bring forth a batch of treatment and argument about the issue of ownership and its logistic location with the instruction sector.Pres cription V. Practice:While, a favorable policy model and appropriate curricular counsel is available in the state for ECCE ; the world is that there is a big spread between what is prescribed or suggested and what is practiced. In a survey conducted by the NCERT ( 1998 ) it was found that about all the ICDS centres observed adhered to learning of 3 R ‘s ( reading, composing and arithmetic ) and there was a practical absence of any drama activities. Typically, the activities of preschool instruction under ICDS are conducted for a period runing from 45 proceedingss to two hours duration daily, with minimum drama and larning material support and that excessively, mostly in the absence of sufficient outdoor and indoor infinites, basic substructure installations and competent workers. Preschool instruction in private/ public baby's room schools, once more, is mostly a downward extension of primary instruction course of study, with instructors frequently holding no ECCE preparation. Training Inputs and Institutional Support:Effective readying of teachers/service suppliers for ECCE is another issue, which is expected to find quality. Matching to the scope of ECCE plans and enterprises in India there is a assortment of developing commissariats in ECCE, every bit good. These scope from the two twelvemonth integrated Nursery Teachers ‘ preparation plan ( NTT ) which aims at fixing instructors for preschool phase ( 3-6 old ages ) and for the first two classs ( 6-8 old ages ) of the primary phase, In add-on, the course of study of higher/ senior secondary phase of instruction ( +2 ) in Central Board of Secondary Education, National Institute of Open Schooling and many State Education Boardss have besides included early childhood instruction as an country of vocational instruction.Public Spending on Childs:For the really first clip, in the twelvemonth ( 2004-05 ) , the Ministry of Women and Child Development ( MWCD ) in Government of India undertook a ‘chi ld budgeting ‘ exercising to look at commissariats and outgos for kids more holistically. This portends good for a more comprehensive attack towards planning and budgeting for kids in the hereafter. The public financess allocated to kids are classified under four caputs in the kid budgeting exercising: ICDS & A ; Nutrition, Education, Health and Child Protection and others. As per the Fundamental law of India, kid related commissariats are in the coincident list of duties with the States holding a outstanding function in service bringing. However, most of the provinces passing are on perennial points of outgos, it is the financess which are made available through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes that provide for reform and quality betterment. Overall, there has been an addition in outgo on kids as a per centum of GNP from 2.66 % in 1993-94 to 3.26 % in 2001-02 ( DWCD, Annual Report, 2004-05 ) . As indicated in Figure 13 below, in footings of comparative parts, both the cardinal and State parts show steady additions over clip, particularly since 1997-98, with the provinces ‘ part being significantly more dominant. Still the overall public outgo is far less than it should be.

Individualism and Collectivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individualism and Collectivism - Essay Example Societies characterized as collectivist are commonly communist or communal societies. Democratic society is more or less based on individualism, and how as individuals we are all free to decide our own path and determine our own fates. These days, we all say that the individual has the right to decide how to live their own lives, and individuals, societies, or institutions should not be allowed to interfere. A common argument against individualism is that it is little more than selfishness or egotism. However, individualism is more about providing personal choices rather than explicitly providing benefit to individuals. Perhaps the most glaringly obvious downside to this is that the increasing emphasis on the importance of the individual has by necessity occurred in conjunction with de-emphasis on the importance of community. In deciding that we are free to determine our fates regardless of any other considerations, we have lost that feeling of community that used to be considered so important. Too many people have stopped believing they have any responsibility to their wider community, and this is reflected in increasing crime rates, especially of violent crime.

Corporate and business strategy in an international context Coursework

Corporate and business strategy in an international context - Coursework Example Michael Dell emphasized upon maintaining a flexible resource base so that rivals could not match the business model. The strategic focus of Michael Dell’s business model was managing opportunities. Dynamic capabilities enabled the company to meet this objective. Michael Dell converted other resources and capabilities into a distinctive competency by focusing upon adaptation and change. The industry in which Dell operated was characterized by a constant pace of change. Therefore the management needed to focus upon developing a sustainable future by continuously improving firm competency. To this end the dynamic theory was applied. The company maintained a reconfigurable resource base so that a flexible combination of uncertainty and commitment-intensity could be made feasible. In this manner, Dell was able to maintain its market leadership. Firm performance was characterized by the direct model which was different from the business models implemented by the competitors. Althoug h the competitors tried to implement Dell’s business model, they could not develop the same level of firm competency because Dell had already built an organizational capacity for response, reverse and contingency in this area. This allowed the company to maintain competence-generating strategic processes geared towards continuously renewing the competitive advantage. As a result Dell was well-positioned for changing future conditions. The PC industry was structurally attractive since it had the largest share of the industry. However the profit margin was not so great compared to those from microprocessors, software and services. Therefore Dell had to maximize its unit share in order to maximize profitability. This objective was met through tailoring the production system to customer requirements. The investments in online technology and JIT enabled the company to

Nursing Practice Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Practice Theory - Research Paper Example There exists a relationship between grand theories, middle range theories, and nursing practice theories in that, all these discuss about nursing as a profession and provide a guide for nursing practice. Grand theories are general concepts and are representative of a wide range of nursing practice. They, therefore, have the broadest scope. They use statements to show relationship otherwise known as assumptions to show the basis of their philosophy. Grand theories form the basis for expansion of other theories, research and development of new standards. The focus of grand theories is on the â€Å"phenomena of concern to the discipline such as person as adaptive systems, self-care deficits, unitary human beings, human becoming, or health as expanding consciousness† (Parker & Smith, 2010). Grand nursing theories are visions to be used in nursing practice. However, the limitation of these theories is that, they cannot be universally tested; hence, they have limited capabilities in guiding, explaining, and foretelling about specific situations in nursing. This is because; these theories were developed by scholars who were thinking way above their time. Middle range theories are derived from concepts of grand theories. These theories are narrow in scope as compared to grand theories, and they offer an effective bridge between grand theories and the description of specific nursing phenomena. These theories are of advantage in the sense that, they are more applicable to nursing practices and situations. This theory allows testing of theory through research, devising strategies for nursing practice, and developing tools for nursing practice. As a result of this, middle range theories are more efficient and proficient as compared to the other theories. As a result of covering a wider scope, middle range theories are applicable in many health care institutions and other health quarters. Nursing

Friday project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Friday project - Assignment Example make default crises more frequent; when a budget that is balanced at the start of the year falls out of balance during the year due to slower-than-expected economic growth or other factors beyond policymakers’ control, default could threaten if cuts large enough to restore balance can’t be passed swiftly and it proves impossible to secure a three-fifths vote to raise the debt limit. By the same token, the balanced budget amendment would not only undermine the automatic stabilizing function the federal government plays but would push in the opposite direction by requiring greater retrenchment when the economy falters. As a consequence, the constitutional amendment is likely to make recessions more frequent and deeper. The amendment also would increase the risk of a government default. It has often proved difficult to amass a simple majority in Congress to raise the debt limit so an impending default could be averted. The constitutional amendment also undermines majority rule, the basis for our democracy. The amendment would essentially enable minorities to engage in a form of extortion; they could threaten to plunge the nation into serious fiscal difficulty by refusing to help provide a three-fifths vote to waive the balanced budget requirement and raise the debt limit when a recession loomed, unless they were granted concessions on major policy issues as the price for their votes. A recent CBO study found that if deficits are held to two percent of the Gross Domestic Product through 2030, we will experience solid economic growth, and younger generations will be substantially better off than current generations. In fact, CBO found little difference in growth rates between such a policy and a policy of balancing the budget every year. It also is instructive that the goal Senator Bob Kerrey and former Senator Jack Danforth — both deficit hawks — set for the Entitlement Commission in 1994 was to limit the deficit to two percent of the Gr oss Domestic Product in

Mechanical Engineering And Science Research Paper

Mechanical Engineering And Science - Research Paper Example This report stresses that skills in mechanical engineering have helped to develop vehicles which are an essential component of the transportation industry. Vehicles have played a great role in improving the economy of states, this is mostly because they transport products and goods to places of production. The field of engineering that produces vehicles and automobiles is referred to as mechanics, and it is the most popular field of study, in mechanical engineering. This paper makes a conclusion that it is important to denote that students of mechanical engineering are not only limited to the above mentioned career choices. There are other careers that these students can pursue. For instance, a student who manages to achieve a graduate status in the field of mechanical engineering can get involved in the field of research and academia. Furthermore, these students are equipped with creative skills, and hence they have the capability of employing themselves, designing a new product, ability at overcoming the constraints associated with their jobs, and the ability to work as a team. Mechanical engineering is an important field of engineering. This is because nearly all movable products are built through knowledge derived from this course. Technology is an aspect that keeps on changing, and this affects the engineering field. Due to the evolution of technology, it is now possible to use some aspects of information technology, in mechanical engineeri ng.

BOOK REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

BOOK REVIEW - Essay Example Eating is a basic human need and the author is sending a message that the book can be considered as an essential element for survival, taking all the meaning in and not specifically. On page 7, the author compared reading the bible to stepping out of the cave into the real world based on Plato’s analogy. Parts two and chapter three is about learning from the bible and not using the content to personal advantage. In page 22, it is expressed by the author based on the bible that it is important to eat the book because it should be nourishment. The third part until the fifth part explores the different roles of scriptures such as being the text that give lessons to learn, the form which is about following the way of Jesus, and as script which is to be shared to the world (pp. 22-76). The second and third chapters are in depth look on the specific concepts and teachings and the manner of understanding them. Topics within the chapters Lectio Divina and The Company of Translators pr ovide structure to the teaching and scriptures and point out the importance of participatory reading. The author has the last part of the third chapter to the issue regarding translation of the bible and the effect on understanding its content. Reading the book can encourage readers to read the bible. It is a different, open and light approach to a serious literary work that is respected by faith. The title can be considered as a witty way to denote the urgent need to imbibe the message of the book since it is essential to human beings’ survival. The author’s being religious is greatly reflected in the book. His passion regarding his faith and the need to make people realize that eating the book or metaphorically digesting its content is evident in every line. Even the last half where the author has the initiative to translate the bible from the original language to be able to achieve the message version reflects the need he

Deliberate Stereotyping Through Language of Various Groups Research Paper

Deliberate Stereotyping Through Language of Various Groups - Research Paper Example The average American lady works instead of just lazily sleeping all day (Leszczak 163). The two girls do not represent a small group of American ladies who prefer to wait for their handsome prince to sweep them off their feet into a world of house chores. Some girls prefer to wait for a rich suitor to marry them. After marriage, the ladies prefer to stay at home and care for the family. Caring for the family includes taking care of the children’s physical and emotional needs. Taking care of the children includes taking care of the love, care, and emotional needs of the busy working husband (Leszczak 163). Additionally, the cartoon television series The Simpsons show how the typical family life in America. The television show often shows common family issues that crop up in the average American family’s life. The television show also shows how the typical family resolves issues of misunderstanding among the family members. The same cartoon series shows how the average Fa mily resolves conflicts with the average American neighbor. Similarly, the same Simpson show indicates how the typical American family honors special holidays like Christmas day, Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, and Thanksgiving Day (Gray 41). African American Stereotyping American television stereotyping does not spare the African Americans from being one of the popular topics. In the 1915 Griffith film, Birth of a Nation, the film depicted the average African Americans as Toms, Coons, brutal bucks, tragic mulattoes or Mammies. The African American stereotype was infused into the 1974 Good Times television series. The same African American stereo was included in the creation of the 1993 South Central comedy television series. The African American audiences loved... This paper approves that all the above television series are not notoriety deserved. The concepts on the above works do not use offensive language. Some of the conversations of the above television series can be taking as curtailed irony. Consequently, we should not take all the stereotyping issues at face value. Rather, the stereotypes should be regarded as a small portion of the entire culture or outcome. Some television series deliberately stereotype children as eager learning individuals. The children’s television series cater to the cartoon television story needs of the children television audiences. The children would be happy to watch children’s television series. This report makes a conclusion that there are some lessons we can learn from the offensive language. First, we should censor the offensive language. Censorship means changing the language to milder or more tactful ones. The above television series are considered entertainment that adds lessons, morals, or values to the television audiences. The above television series clearly shows restraint in the use of offensive language. The offensive language rarely occurs in the entire television series. Based on the above discussion, deliberate stereotyping happens by focusing on the use of language of different groups (especially white people) in mainstream television shows. Some television series portray Asians and African Americans differently from White Americans. Other television shows portray women differently from men. Evidently, the research shows that most television series show a wrong image or stereotype of certain groups deliberately.

Statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Statement of purpose - Essay Example It gave me pleasure to explore this field and that fostered a growing interest in computer and its peripheral applications. As my knowledge of that field of endeavor grew, so did my curiosity about how computers work, how programs performed, and what applications could be done with current theoretical frameworks. As a student, I had been positively influenced in learning the need of putting theories into practice and how to face the immense hurdles without the fear of failure. As a software engineer, I studied the full life cycle of the software design process including requirements definition, prototyping, proof of concept, design, interface implementation, testing and maintenance. I also understand the need of learning database analysis and design. I chose to do my coop training in the Saudi Hollandi Bank and University of Hail. During the cooperative training (COOP), I had the opportunity to lead and work on two projects. The first one was about creating a timely data recording system that allows an appointed employee to insert private information to ATMs which allowed the administration to generate reports as well as manage ATM users. The second one was about creating an attendance system with new and extended features. Being an excellent student, I had achieved a GPA of 3.958 which gained the distinction of first honor. My passion for computer science provided the impetus to think about developing some applications which can serve the community. With this objective in my mind, I participated in the 5th scientific conference which aimed to develop a fitness application for smartphones in one’s native language. The application was designed to help people who want to use the calorie system to monitor their weight. It supported assistance to the user, especially through provision of crucial information about the users’ health. The application, in conjunction with its extensive features, was selected for

Housekeeping International Hotels Essay Example for Free

Housekeeping International Hotels Essay Housekeeping Standard Manuals define exactly how a room should be presented to hotel guests. This includes instructions on how the rooms should be cleaned, when they should be cleaned and a list of the things to be included in the rooms. The time of cleaning is very important as early or late cleaning could disturb the guests. Clean and presentable rooms attract and keep guests. This ensures order and smooth running of the hotel as there will be minimal complaints and confusion. These Housekeeping Manuals ensure guests are well treated and get what they are paying for. The manuals offer a guide on how to treat hotel guests and how to ensure they are comfortable during their stay. A quality service ensures good publicity on the part of the hotel management. This ensures the guests keep coming back and even recommend the hotel to friends and family members. Housekeeping Standard Manuals ensure safety and comfort of the guests. The Manuals offer instructions on what to do in case of emergencies and how to safely evacuate the guests. Body According to Diamond Edge (2007), â€Å"The guest is always right. †Housekeeping Manuals ensure that guests receive quality service. The Manuals ensure that guests concerns are dealt with swiftly and with a smile. Many studies have shown that clean rooms and public areas are the most important factors that determine whether the guests will return to the hotel. Clean guest rooms make a difference in the success of the hotel and the comfort of guests. (Diamond Edge 2007) The guests need a providence of all the accommodation products of the hotel, according to their requests. The accommodation products of the hotel include a mini bar, internet, room service and in-house movies. This provides comfort and entertainment for the enjoyment of the guest’s stay. Housekeeping Standard Manuals ensure safety of the guests. According to Andrews, one important quality of a room attendant is an eye for detail. The room attendant has to keep checking the rooms in case a guest is ill and needs urgent medical attention (Andrews 2001: 46). On the other hand, the manuals ensure privacy for the guests. This is usually through â€Å"do not disturb† signs and double locks for the guests. The room attendants have to knock in case they need any information from the guests. This makes the guests feel safe and secure in the hotel. The management includes the General Manager, the Front office manager, Housekeeper and Maintenance Manager. The General Manager assists with Marketing plans, reservations, maintenance and grounds keeping, maintains financial records and implement cost control measures. The Front office manager provides coverage as well as night auditor and desk clerks. To offer a high standard of service, the front office staffs have to understand the needs of their guests. The front office staffs need have a full knowledge of the products which the hotel sells, how these products can be offered for sale and the clients to whom these products will be sold (Huyton, Baker and Bradley 2001:29). The ability of front office staff to handle guest’s problem will either make the guest a friend of the hotel for life or chase him away forever. The front office staffs need to be calm, courteous and helpful and understand what the guest is going through when experiencing any difficulty. (Huyton, Baker and Bradley 2001). The housekeeper assists the room attendants who clean and maintain guest rooms and public areas. The Hotel Management is required to develop a competent staff. Management is required to meet the goals of the organization through the employees. Efficiency depends on how well the employees are motivated and instructed to meet the goals and objectives of the plans the general manager and staff have formulated (Bardi 2006). According to Pizam (2005), Housekeeping is the most important department in the hotel. The Housekeeping Staffs inspect rooms, clean rooms and maintains a continuous supply of linen and cleaning supply inventories. Housekeeping Standard Manuals helps in the thorough training of the room attendants. These Manuals also help executive housekeepers to maintain and control an inventory of all the supplies. Housekeepers are expected to ensure that the rooms are spotlessly clean. Anything less than perfect is unacceptable. (Pizam 2005:321-322). The Housekeeping Staff have to follow all the instructions on the Manuals to ensure compliance with the demands of the hotel requirements. Room attendants work in compliance with standard operating procedures that may specify as many as sixty items that must meet a given standard in each guest room (Rutherford and O’Fallon 2006:184). The Manuals enable them to give quality service to guests. It guides them on how to attend to guests and thus ensure guest satisfaction. The housekeeping report is useful to the housekeeping staff as it determines which rooms need to be cleaned, which rooms are occupied and which need special attention. The room attendants need to follow the Housekeeping Standard Manuals instructions on keeping an eye on the guests. This ensures safety of the guests and security on the part of the management. Not all the guests are honest and have good intentions. Some guests could pose danger on the name of the hotel or cause the hotel to loose a lot of money. These include guests who may slip out without paying or guests who may pose danger to other guests through misconduct. Summary The importance of Housekeeping Standard Manuals and the effect they have on guests, Hotel Management and Housekeeping staff has been analysed. Housekeeping Standard Manuals take a lot of time and money but their usefulness is worth so much more. The needs of the guests are so many that they cannot be remembered by either the hotel management or the housekeeping staff. The Manuals makes it easier for the housekeeping staff to provide quality service to the guest without having to worry about forgetting something. The Manuals also make it easier for inspectors and managers to confirm that the room is presentable and everything has been provided for the guest. Housekeeping Manuals have a positive outcome on the guests in that these Manuals keep them coming back. The clean and well presented rooms contribute a lot to the good publicity of the hotel. Guests love clean rooms and other offers like accommodation products which make them feel comfortable and at home. Hotel General Managers use these Manuals to run the Hotel smoothly. These instructions make their work easy because these Manuals are a direct guide on how everything should be presented. There are also guides on steps to take during emergencies and how to address the problems of the guests. The General Manager has to only check with the other Managers once in a while to ensure that everything is running smoothly. The Housekeeping Manuals are most important to the Housekeeping staff. They guide them on the rooms to clean, what to use during cleaning and when to clean the rooms. They also give the exact details on what to include in the rooms and how to present these products to the guests. This helps them to offer quality service to guests and to know how to deal with guests in case of difficulties.

Modification of Power Series Expansion

Modification of Power Series Expansion The available methods to compute the logarithm of a number using digital circuits can be divided in two main groups. On the one hand, we have the look-up table based algorithms and, on the other, iterative methods. The first approach is faster and straightforward, but only useful for low precision. For implementing it, requires large amount of memory for increasing the accuracy. This is due to the size of the look-up table. We only evaluated iterative algorithms that need small look-up tables. The second group is slower, but suitable for high precision. Taylors series expansion is among the most popular methods to manually compute logarithms, but it has a slow convergence and requires slow operations like the division. Hence, they are slow when no embedded multipliers are available. Many studies explore hybrid implementations that take advantages from both groups. Our project required an algorithm that could be implemented on FPGAs from any vendor. It should be platform independent. Our algorithm requires less memory and no multiplier at all to implement exponential and logarithm function. To the best of our knowledge there are only two previous works focused on the exponential  function [8] [9], and only one for the logarithm function [10] (from the same authors of [9]). The first one [8], employs an algorithm that does not exploit the FPGA characteristics, and  consequently presents poor performance. The other two implementations [9, 10] are part of  a common work and are designed suiting with FPGA flexibility (using internal tailored fixed  arithmetic and exploiting the parallelism features of the FPGA) achieving much better results. They are parameterizable implementations that, additionally to single f.p. format, also allow  smaller exponent and mantissa bit-widths and are both based on input range reduction and  table-driven methods to calculate the function in the reduced range. Our ex and ln x units,  based on these units, include the following innovative features: Single precision f.p. arithmetic extension. [9, 10] were designed considering only normalized numbers, not denormalized. Additional logic has been introduced to handle  denormalized numbers at the output of ex and the input of ln x.  ² Redesign of units to deal only with single precision. The feature of bit-width config-urability of the base designs has been removed. Thus, the resources needed have been  reduced because specific units, just for single precision, have been developed.  ² Simplification of constant multiplications. As suggested in [9], conventional multipliers  have been removed where the multiplications involved constant coe ±cients, improving  performance and reducing size.  ² Unsigned arithmetic. In [9, 10] internal fixed arithmetic with sign is used. However,  some operations (like the ones involving range reduction and calculation of the exponent  for the result in ex) are consecutive and related, and the sign of the result can be inferred  from the input sign. For such operations signed arithmetic has been replaced by unsigned  arithmetic with the corresponding logic reduction.  ² Improved pipelining. The speed is enhanced by systematically introducing pipeline  stages to the datapath of the exponential and logarithm units and their subunits   The paper [11] explains about the implementation of power and log function based on a simple modification of power series expansion of Taylor series. In power function implementation, the paper aims at reducing the exponent number to a smaller value. It requires a large amount of block ram and hardware multipliers as well. It becomes platform dependent and the clock frequency may vary from vendor to vendor. The degradation in throughput rate is due to the use of 18 X 18 embedded multipliers in it. The powering unit also requires more number of stages which may be reduced further. In the proposed method, we are going to reduce delay and improve the throughput rate by avoiding the embedded multipliers and block RAMs. In this paper, we are not completely avoid look up tables, but any value of logarithm or exponential can be calculated, by adjusting the look up table values to the desired number [8] C. C. Doss and R. L. Riley, FPGA-Based implementation of a robust IEEE-754 ex-ponential unit, in IEEE Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines, 2004, pp.  229{238. [9] J. Detrey and F. de Dinechin, A parameterized  °oating-point exponential function for  FPGAs, in IEEE International Conference Field-Programmable Technology, 2005, pp.27{34. [10] ||, A parameterized  °oating-point logarithm operator for FPGAs, in Signals, Systems and Computers, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-Ninth Asilomar Conference,  2005, pp. 1186{1190. [11] Pedro Echeverra, Marisa Lopez-Vallejo,†An FPGA Implementation of the Powering Function with Single Precision Floating-Point Arithmetic† â€Å"An FPGA Implementation of the Powering Function with Single Precision Floating-Point Arithmetic† PROPOSED METHOD The proposed method avoids multiplication and division operations, and is thus suitable for implementation in software on processors that lack such instructions (or where the instructions are slow) or in hardware on a programmable logic device or dedicated chip. This method is suitable when shifters are available in abundant. It is an extension to the implementation of sine and cosine explained in CORDIC. The proposed algorithm evaluates the power functions for both positive and negative values. There are some constants by which it is easy to multiply. For example, multiplying by 2n, where n is a positive or a negative integer, can be achieved by simply shifting a number by n places. The shift will be to the left (division) if n is positive, to the right (multiplication) if n is negative. It is nearly as easy to multiply by numbers of the form  ±2n ±1. These simply involve an add (or) subtract a shift. Implementation of EXP:     Ã‚   For implementing y = exp(x). The algorithm is going to generate a sequence of values for x and y, and we are going to make sure that for each pair K Exp(k) 5.5452 256 2.7726 16 1.3863 4 0.6931 2 0.4055 3/2 0.2231 5/4 0.1178 9/8 0.0606 17/16 0.0308 33/32 0.0155 65/64 0.0078 129/128 y=exp(4) · y†²=exp(4) ·exp(-(xk)) =exp(4) ·exp(-x) ·exp(k) =y ·exp(k). In other words, if we subtractkfromx, we have to multiplyyby exp(k). All we have to do now is make sure that exp(k) is a nice number, so we can multiply by it easily, and the rest is straightforward. Note thatkitself does not have to be nice, as we are only subtracting that, not multiplying by it. Here are some nice values of exp(k) and the corresponding (not necessarily nice) values ofk. The flow of algorithm is as follows for positive powers of x: Here in each iteration, we subtract the input from the nearest value of exp(k) as listed in the table. If the difference is negative, we multiply the output by the corresponding exp(k). The process continues withmore entities in our table of k, finally we get the result. In the same way the flow chart is mentioned for nagative powers of x. K Exp(k) 5.5452 256 2.7726 16 1.3863 4 0.6931 2 0.2877 3/4 0.1335 7/8 0.0645 15/16 0.0317 31/32 0.0157 63/64 0.0078 127/128 0.0039 255/256 The flow of algorithm is as follows for negative powers of x: Here in each iteration, we subtract the input from the nearest value of exp(k) as listed in the table. If the difference is positive, we divide the output by the corresponding exp(k). The process continues withmore entities in our table of k, finally we get the result. Implementation of LOG : For implementing Y=log (x), the procedure is similar to the implementation of exponential function

Impact of Political Stability in India on Economic Growth

Impact of Political Stability in India on Economic Growth Political stability helps in making economic decisions and reducing the risk of imbalance in the economy. In May 2004, elections brought the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) into power. Growth, stability and equity are mutually reinforcing objectives. The quest of the UPA Government is to eliminate poverty by giving every citizen an opportunity to be educated, to learn a skill, and to be gainfully employed. The economic strategy of the UPA is composed of four main elements: maintaining macroeconomic balances; improving the incentives operating upon firms; enhancing physical infrastructure; and a range of initiatives aimed at empowering millions of poor households to participate in the growing prosperity. The major concern remains on commitment towards national interest, reduction of interference of unlawful elements in politics, public accountability and growth oriented policies of the government. Under the leadership of Dr Manmohan Singh the focus of the government is appropriate a nd will not be cause of distress It has positive effect on economic growth but many times due to other factors it may be negative. In India in last 20 years many governments were made. India is a developing country and it grows very fast. Whenever the govt. changes economic effected very much. India is the worlds largest democracy. In India, the prime minister is identified as the head of government of the nation, while the president is said to be the formal head of state and holds substantial reserve powers, placing him or her in approximately the same position as the British monarch. Executive power is enforced by the government. It can be noted that federal legislative power is vested in both the government of India and the two characteristic chambers of the Parliament of India. Also, it can be said that the judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature. For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been guided by the Indian National Congress , In India the two largest political parties have been the Indian National Congress and the bhartiya janata party (BJP). Presently the two parties have dominated the Indian politics, however regional parities too exist. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the corruption of the then Prime Minister Indhira Gandhi. In 1989, a janata dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V.Narsimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term. The years 1996-1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal go vernment with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. Political uncertainty is an investors nightmare. It does disturb the flow of foreign direct investment plans both into the private sector as well as the government owned public sector units and that surely affects economic growth. However, this argument is good only to a limited extent. Political stability is not necessarily an essential pre-requisite item for good economic growth. In actual practice, it is the other way around as it can be argued, that it is good economic growth, that essentially leads to political stability. Therefore, when the Congress spokespersons talked of political stability without mentioning its correlation with economic growth, their apprehensions of coalition governments appeared misplaced. Further Congress talking political stability was like the devil quoting the scripture. One cannot but remember that it was the Congress that destabilized the governments of 5 Prime Ministers, viz. Mr. Charan Singh, Mr. Chandrasekhar, Mr. H. D. Dev Gowda, Mr. Inder Kumar Gujral and of course Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Every one, of these governments, was toppled on flimsiest grounds. Indeed, they could have easily lasted their full term, if and only if politics had taken the back seat. Indias Growth Since Independence India has moved from a moderate growth path of the first three decades (1950 to 1980) to a higher growth trajectory since 1980s. Over the last two and a half decades, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies of the world, averaging about 6 percent growth rate per annum and ranking of the country in terms of size of the economy, especially in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Terms have improved. In the last three years. We have averaged a growth rate of 8 percent. Apart from registering impressive growth rate over the last two and a half decades, Indias growth process has been stable. Studies indicate that the yearly variation in growth in India has been one of the lowest. During the period, we have faced only one crisis in 1991. The crisis was followed by a credible macroeconomic structural and stabilization program encompassing trade, industry, foreign investment, exchange rate, public finance and financial sector. The evidence of stable economic con dition is the successful avoidance of any adverse contagon impact of shocks from the East Asian crisis, the Russian crisis during 1997-98, sanction like situation in post pokhran scenario, and border conflict during May-June 1999. The performance of the Indian economy during the current fiscal year has exceeded expectations. Initial growth projections for the period April 2004 to March 2005 were around 6.8%. Expectation was paired with a percentage point due to low rainfall from July 2004. Global price shocks in oil, steel and coal added to apprehension, particularly about inflation. However, shaking off these fears, the economy has grown by a robust 6.9%. There are two aspects to the emergence of India. First, there are signs of vigorous growth in manufacturing. High growth rates in exports have been extended beyond the now-familiar services story to skill-intensive sectors like automobiles and drugs. Manufacturing growth accelerated every month after May 2004 to reach double-digit levels in September and October. Merchandise export growth in the first 10 months of 2004-05 was 25.6%. For three quarters running, revenue growth in the corporate sector has been above 20% and net profit growth has been around 30%. Second, there is a pronounced pickup in investment. From 2001-02, the investment rate in India, low by East Asian standards, rose by 3.7 percentage points to 26.3% of GDP in 2003-04. ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES: The janata dal won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two years. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-wing nationalist Bhartiya janata party (BJP) followed by a left-leaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-INC and coalition government to complete a full five-year term. The grenal saw the INC winning the largest number of seats to form a government leading the united progressive alliance and supported by left-parties and those opposed to the BJP. On 22 May 2004, Manmohan Singh was appointed the Prime Minister of India following the victory of the INC the left front in the 2004 lok sabha election. The UPA now rules India without the support of the left front. Previously Atal Bihari vajpeyi had taken office in October 1999 after a general election in which a BJP-led coalition of 13 parties called the national democratic alliance emerged with a majority. Formation of coalition governments reflects the transition in Indian politics away from the national parties toward smaller, more narrowly-based regional parties. Some regional parties, especially in South India, are deeply aligned to the ideologies of the region unlike the national parties and thus the relationship between the central government and the state government in various states has not always been free of rancor. Disparity between the ideologies of the political parties ruling the centre and the state leads to severely skewed allocation of resources between the states. Central and State Governments The central government exercises its broad administrative powers in the name of the President, whose duties are largely ceremonial. The president and vice president are elected indirectly for 5-year terms by a special electoral college. The vice president assumes the office of president in case of the death or resignation of the incumbent president The constitution designates the governance of India under two branches namely the executive branch and real national executive power is centered in the Council of Ministers, led by the prime minister of India. The President appoints the Prime Minister, who is designated by legislators of the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority. The President then appoints subordinate ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. In reality, the President has no discretion on the question of whom to appoint as Prime Minister except when no political party or coalition of parties gains a majority in the Lok Sabha. Once the Prime Minister has been appointed, the President has no discretion on any other matter whatsoever, including the appointment of ministers. But all Central Government decisions are taken by president. Political stability and Economic Growth: The politicians should realize that in the last decade or so, the scene in the country has undergone a sea change: India is a young country, where the average age is less than 26years. The literacy rate is continuously rising. The Primary Health Care services are improving. Female life expectancy rate and infantile survival rate are improving. There is a growing awareness of the need to let market forces decide on their role in the development of infrastructure projects. The power distribution has shifted from a centralized command structure to one where even the leader at local level has an opportunity to address his local aspirations at the national level. Privatization and Disinvestment Vajpayee had a vision of the 21st century information age. So, he privatized the Internet, reformed the flawed telecom policy, opened radio broadcasting in 40 cities and allowed up-linking facilities to satellite channels. Congress has yet to realize the impact of global market and address issues on taxes, subsidy etc so that the effects of globalization do not come as a jolt to the common man in the street. Mr. Narasimhas government approach on globalization lacked this humane approach. There was progress on other incremental reforms cut the diesel subsidy, de-licensed petroleum products and oil refining, set up a power regulatory authority, threw open transmission to the private sector. Moreover, he surprised us by squashing the irrational swadeshi forces within his own party. Impact in India: There are many affect in Indian economy due to political stability every factor is affected. India opened up the economy in the early nineties following a major crisis that led by a foreign exchange crunch that dragged the economy close to defaulting on loans. The response was a slew of Domestic and external sector policy measures partly prompted by the immediate needs and partly by the demand of the multilateral organisations. The new policy regime radically pushed forward in favour of amore open and market oriented economy. Major measures initiated as a part of the liberalisation and globalisation strategy in the early nineties included scrapping of the industrial licensing regime, reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, amendment of the monopolies and the restrictive trade practices act, start of the privatisation programme, reduction in tariff rates and change over to market determined exchange rates. Over the years there has been a steady liberalisation of the current account transactions, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments and portfolio investments facilitating entry of foreign investors in telecom, roads, ports, airports, insurance and other major sectors. The Indian tariff rates reduced sharply over the decade from a weighted average of 72.5% in 1991-92 to 24.6 in 1996-97.Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35.1% in 2001-02. India is committed to reduced tariff rates. Peak tariff rates are to be reduced to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in another 2 years most non-tariff barriers have been dismantled by march 2002, including almost all quantitative restrictions. The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavourable domestic and external developments; Domestic output and Demand conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the past two years. The global economy experienced an overall deceleration and recorded an output growth of 2.4% during the past year growth in real GDP in 2001-02 was 5.4% as per the Economic Survey in 2000-01. The performance in the first quarter of the financial year is5.8% and second quarter is 6.1%. Sectors Industry and services India has one of the worlds fastest growing automobile industries. Shown here is the Tata motors make Nano, the worlds cheapest car. Industry accounts for 28% of the GDP and employ 14% of the total workforce. However, about one-third of the industrial labor force is engaged in simple household manufacturing only. In absolute terms, India is 16th in the world in terms of nominal factory output. Economic reforms brought foreign competition, led to privatization of certain public sector industries, opened up sectors hitherto reserved for the public sector and led to an expansion in the production of fast-moving consumer goods. Post-liberalization, the Indian private sector, which was usually run by oligopolies of old family firms and required political connections to prosper was faced with foreign competition, including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports. It has since handled the change by squeezing costs, revamping management, focusing on designing new products and relying on low labor costs and technology. Textile manufacturing is the second largest source for employment after agriculture and accounts for 26% of manufacturing output. Ludhiana produces 90% of woolens in India and is also known as the Manchester of India. Tripura has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery, knitted garments, casual wear and sportswear. Dharavi slum in Mumbai has gained fame for leather products. Tata Motors Nano attempts to be the worlds cheapest car. India is fifteenth in services output. It provides employment to 23% of work force, and it is growing fast, growth rate 7.5% in 1991-2000 up from 4.5% in 1951-80. It has the largest share in the GDP, accounting for 55% in 2007 up from 15% in 1950. Business services (information technology, information technology enabled services, business process outsourcing) are among the fastest growing sectors contributing to one third of the total output of services in 2000. The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialization, and an availability of a large pool of low cost, but highly skilled, educated and fluent English-speaking workers, on the supply side, matched on the demand side by an increased demand from foreign consumers interested in Indias service exports, or those looking to outsource their operations. The share of Indias IT industry to the countrys GDP increased from 4.8% in 2005-06 to 7% in 2008. In 2009, seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world. In March 2009, annual revenues from outsourcing operations in India amounted to US$60 billion and this is expected to increase to US$225 billion by 2020. Organized retail such supermarkets accounts for 24% of the market as of 2008. Regulations prevent most foreign investment in retailing. Moreover, over thirty regulations such as signboard licences and anti-hoarding measures may have to be complied before a store can open doors. There are taxes for moving goods to states, from states, and even within states. Tourism in India is relatively undeveloped, but growing at double digits. Some hospitals woo medical tourism. Agriculture Farmers work inside a rice field in Andhra Pradesh. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China and Andhra Pradesh is the 2nd largest rice producing state in India with West Bengal being the largest. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 17% of the GDP in 2009, employed 52% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since Green revolution in India. However, international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world. India is the largest producer in the world of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the worlds largest cattle population: 193 million. It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, cotton, silk, peanuts and inland fish. It is the third largest producer of tobacco. India is the largest fruit producer, accounting for 10% of the world fruit production. It is the leading producer of bananas, sapotas and mangoes. Finance in India Banking in Indiaand Insurance in India The Indian money market is classified into: the organised sector (comprising private, public and foreign owned commercial banks and cooperative banks, together known as scheduled banks); and the unorganised sector (comprising individual or family owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)). The unorganised sector and microcredit are still preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas, especially for non-productive purposes, like ceremonies and short duration loans. Mumbai is the financial and commercial capital of India. Shown here is the World Trade Centre of Mumbai Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969, followed by six others in 1980, and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40% of their net credit to priority sectors like agriculture, small-scale industry, retail trade, small businesses, etc. to ensure that the banks fulfill their social and developmental goals. Since then, the number of bank branches has increased from 10,120 in 1969 to 98,910 in 2003 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period. The total deposits increased 32.6 times between 1971 to 1991 compared to 7 times 1951 to 1971. Despite an increase of rural branches, from 1,860 or 22% of the total number of branches in 1969 to 32,270 or 48%, only 32,270 out of 5 lakh (500,000) villages are covered by a scheduled bank. The public sector banks hold over 75% of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively. Since liberalisation, the government has approved significant banking reforms. While some of these relate to nationalised banks (like encouraging mergers, reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness), other reforms have opened up the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign players. More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land, houses, cattle, and gold. Indian has the highest saving rate in the world at 36 percent. Natural resources in India Energy policy of India India has the worlds fifth largest wind power industry, with an installed wind power capacity of 9,587 MW. Shown here is a wind farm in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu. Indias total cultivable area is 1,269,219km ² (56.78% of total land area), which is decreasing due to constant pressure from an ever growing population and increased urbanisation. India has a total water surface area of 314,400km ² and receives an average annual rainfall of 1,100mm. Irrigation accounts for 92% of the water utilisation, and comprised 380km ² in 1974, and is expected to rise to 1,050km ² by 2025, with the balance accounted for by industrial and domestic consumers. Indias inland water resources comprising rivers, canals, ponds and lakes and marine resources comprising the east and west coasts of the Indian ocean and other gulfs and bays provide employment to nearly 6 million people in the fisheries sector. In 2008, India had the worlds third largest fishing industry. Indias major mineral resources include coal, iron, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium, chromite, limestone and thorium. India meets most of its domestic energy demand through its 92 billion tonnes of coal reserves (about 10% of worlds coal reserves). Indias huge thorium reserves- about 25% of worlds reserves- is expected to fuel the countrys ambitious nuclear energy program in the long-run. Indias dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years. However, the Indo-US nuclear deal has paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries. India is also believed to be rich in certain renewable sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar, wind and biofuels (jatropha, sugarcane). CONCLUSION: After complete this term paper I come at this conclusion that politics effects economy very much. If a govt. change than many other factors also changes. Every govt. do work by their own style, they change many things like construction, infrastructure, their employees, contractors and it may affect positive or negative. So it based on situation. Political stability is very important for economic growth. REFERENCES: www.businessline.com www.oppapers.com Wikipedia www.scribd.com