The Power of Horace McCoy’s They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? Essay

The Power of Horace McCoys They Shoot Horses, Dont They?Professors chin-wag The premise of this essay is to play up the capacity of Noir literature to defy Modernist values and pioneer later avant-garde literary movements. This student produced a focused, organized, well back up essay.Nearly half a century has passed since most films and texts in the Noir tradition were created, yet one may wonder how much is really known to the highest degree these popular American products. Scholars remain fascinated by many aspects of Film Noir, yet it appears that its fictional precursors (such as the texts of Cain, McCoy and Hammett) may have been too quickly cut within the canon. Many have enthusiastically studied, for example, Film Noirs ground-breaking effects on lighting and acting techniques, as well as its value as a gauge of socio-political climate couldnt Noir texts, too, have initiated equally significant results?Whilst critics continue to dispute the categorization of filmic Noir, the very texts that spawned this filmic (r)evolution have been largely dismissed as predictable junk for the plebian masses, unspectacular in their normalcy as standard Modernist works. So I wonder what is it that makes these texts so plain and ordinary, and so Modernist that they require no further attention? Furthermore, in aligning these texts with one particular school (Modernism), are we not limiting their potential to convey a pronounced unique or progressive ideology? These questions propelled my investigation into Horace McCoys novel, They Shoot Horses, Dont They?. In the examination of this particular source, then, the premise of this paper is to highlight the capacity of Noir literature to defy Modernist values and pioneer late... ...ascinating questions could Noir literature have pre-dated the onslaught of post-World War Two Post-Modernist fiction? My guess is McCoy, and other Noir writers, were inner Post-Modernists aching to break from Modernist convention, while stil l turning a profit on their pulp fiction.WORKS CITEDMcCoy, Horace. They Shoot Horses, Dont They?. London Midnight Classics, 1995. Mary, Klages. Postmodernism. 21 Apr. 2003. University of Colorado. 24 Apr. 2004 . entropy n. The crisp Oxford Dictionary. Ed. Judy Pearsall. Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. McGill University (Nylink). 25 Apr 2004. Pynchon, Thomas. Entropy. The Crying of Lot 49. Perennial, 1999.

Capital Punishment Essay - We Need the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

We Need the Death Penalty         For the past several years Americans deliver regularly listed offensive activityand violence as the number - one problem facing the nation, farther surpassingworries over the economy or health care.         despite the many government and community initiatives launchedduring recent years to reduce crime, most Americans see no improvement. Ina 1993 survey asking respondents if they felt crime was increasing ordecreasing in their areas, only 5 % felt that it was decreasing, a full 93% felt that crime was either increasing or staying the same. And it is notjust statistics I consider myself along with those 93 %. Because whileGuiliani administration is talking about crime rates in the unsanded York citygoing down, all I  see and hear in the media are reports about horriblecrimes committed by New Yorkers.         As George Pettinico states in his cla use Crime and punishmentAmerica changes its mind The medias extensive coverage of crime,especially the most brutal and horrific cases hold up heightened the publicsfear and anger over this cut to a near frenzy. When asked in January ofthis year, How often do you see reports of violent crime on television ? 68 % replied almost every day .         Although the media have played an important role in raising thepublics awareness of lawlessness, crime in America is far from a media -created phenomenon. Government statistics support the image of a nationwhich has overwhelmingly lost the war against crime. For instance, in 1960there were 161 reported violent crimes per 100,000 people By 1992, thefigure had jumped to 758 per 100,000 -- a rise of over 350 %.         to a greater extent and more people today are starting to think that something isterribly wrong when a modern, civilized nation must confront statisticslike th ese. The American public is demanding an end to this violence, andsurveys show that they believe swift and harsh punishment is the mostappropriate and effective means to these ends.         The death penalty, or as it is sometimes being called capitalpunishment is the hardest punishment that could be received when a personis convicted of a capital offense. Until recently it did not exist in NewYork State but after new governor, George Pataki was elected he managed tobring it back. Since September 1, 1994 the death penalty law was in effect.And even though, as far as I know, there is no strong statistical evidencethat the death penalty lowers the murder rate, many people were very happy

Essay --

The number of children who enter nourish c ar is rapidly growing however, there are not enough foster fires for these children. Children are placed into foster care because of neglect, abuse and many other reasons. Foster parents are single individuals or married couples who rick licensed to serve as caretakers for foster children. Foster parents are very important because they help the child grow and by providing love and affection, and even stability while they are away(p) from birth parents. The purpose of this review is to increase the awareness about foster parenting and finding ways to recruit parents to create successful foster placements. A look study shows that twenty-two licensed foster parents at a parent training session with the Louisiana Department of Social Services was compare to the mapping perceptions of gaberdine and African American foster parents, (Nabusti, York, & Sandell, 2004). This study found that there are some differences and similarities in Wh ite and African American foster parents. They collected data from 128 African Americans and 65 White foster parents. This study proved that African American parents are likely to take care of children who are related to to them nonetheless, they isolate themselves from child welfare agencies, (Nabusti et al., 2004). In this study, foster parents revealed they were responsible for creating a relationship between the foster child and birth parents, assisting the child with social and emotional development, helping the foster agency operate easier, providing the child with traditional parental roles, and establishing spiritual relationships with the child (Nabusti et al, 2004). This study proved that African American foster parent think it is extremely important t... ...t that we understand the foster care system and its process as well. Finding ways to recruit foster parents is very important. in all of the studies discussed above have found ways to recruit foster parents, giv e advice to foster parents to make foster placement successful, and even compared the African American and White foster family perceptions on foster care. The foster care system is very serious and proper foster placements are very much needed. While researching recruiting foster parents, I noticed that church or organizations have not hosted a foster recruitment day to increase interested families awareness on how to become a foster parent. Hosting an educational seminar on the importance of foster families and explaining to the audience on how to become foster parents would be an effective way to increase the awareness of interested foster families.

Fate is to Blame for the Deaths of the Main Characters of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

In this essay I am going to discuss who is responsible for the tragic containing of the play, by talking about how all(prenominal) character interacts with the one that dies and see if any of their actions could have resulted in the death of the main characters. During the essay I am going to eliminate characters that I recollect did not influence people enough to resort in the killings from my list below, whether it was Romeo, Juliet, Tybalt, Friar Lawrence, the Nurse, both the feuding families, Fate or other influential characters including the writer, Shakespeare himself. At the end I will draw a conclusion of who I think is most to blame for the deaths at the end of the play, although I do think to individually one person added their own little bit to the cause, and explain why to answer the initial question that I was set.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two feuding families and the children from each house that meet and fall madly in love but are forbidden to be togethe r. Within the language Shakespeare uses a lot of adept terms that also describe the thoughts and feelings of the main people. For example oxymora is used a lot when Romeo is describing his love for Rosaline and Juliet, ?O brawling love, o loving hate? as the opposites yield he is confused and resembles the two family?s conflicts. It also shows that love has pros and cons as does everything in life, which is an example of dramatic irony as Romeo doesn?t realise how straight it?s going to be. This also helps us understand the dramatic effects of the language. Fate is talked about a lot too, which adds to the dramatic features of the play, so as the invention evolves everything the characters say can relate back to the prologue in some way when we find out what is going to happen in the end. The quote ?From forth the pitch-black loins of these two foes? shows that nothing good will happen as fatal means almost deathly and both the families children end up demise at the end. Also in the prologue ?The fearful passage of their death-marked love? means they are fated to die because they are in love through a course of unfortunate events. Also at the Capulets? party when Romeo and Juliet first kiss the rest of the play is almost set out for you.

The Noble Gases Essay -- essays research papers

The Noble GasesThe Noble Gases are the far right elements on the periodic table.On the earth they are scarce so we dont see much of them. They are do notreact well with anything. In detail until around the 50s they hadnt foundanything that they would react with any of the gases. But then someone foundout that Fluorine one the of or so reactive elements could form compounds withXenon. Later they found that it could react with most of the other nobles.Helium is one of the more scarce nobles on earth but in theuniverse it makes up 25% of it. Heliums presence was discovered by usingspectral analysis to detect helium in the suns spectrum. Helium is not found alo...

The Noble Gases Essay -- essays research papers

The Noble GasesThe Noble Gases are the far right elements on the periodic table.On the earth they are scarce so we dont see much of them. They are do not contradict well with anything. In fact until around the 50s they hadnt foundanything that they would react with any of the gases. But then someone foundout that Fluorine one the of close reactive elements could form compounds withXenon. Later they found that it could react with most of the other nobles.Helium is one of the more scarce nobles on earth but in theuniverse it makes up 25% of it. Heliums charge was discovered by usingspectral analysis to detect helium in the suns spectrum. Helium is not found alo...

Bag of Bones CHAPTER NINE

At nine oclock the following morning I filled a squeeze-bottle with grapefruit juice and set off for a good long walk s prohibitedh along The Street. The daytime was b advanced and already hot. It was a uniform taci operate the kind of silence you experience unless after(prenominal) a Saturday holiday, I think, one composed of equal parts holiness and hangover. I could see deuce or three fishermen parked far out on the lake, besides not a integrity power sauceboat burred, not a single gaggle of kids shouted and splashed. I passed half a dozen cottages on the slope above me, and although all of them were deally inhabited at this time of year, the exactly signs of flavour I motto were bathing suits hung over the deck rail at the Passendales and a half-deflated fluorescent- squirt seahorse on the Batchelders stub of a dock. alone did the Passendales diminutive gray cottage still belong to the Passendales? Did the Batchelders amusing circular summer-camp with its Cinerama p icture-window pointing at the lake and the mountains beyond still belong to the Batchelders? No way of telling, of course. Four years kindle bring a lot of changes.I walked and do no parturiency to think an gray-haired trick from my writing days. Work your body, rest your mind, let the boys in the basement do their jobs. I do my way past camps where Jo and I had once had drinks and barbecues and attended the occasional card-party, I soaked up the silence ilk a sponge, I drank my juice, I armed sweat off my forehead, and I waited to see what thoughts might have sex.The initial was an odd realization that the crying small fry in the night take careed roughlyhow more real than the call from Max Devore. Had I positively been phoned by a rich and obviously bad-tempered techno-mogul on my first full level(p)ing stomach on the TR? Had verbalise mogul actually called me a liar at one point? (I was, considering the tale I had t antiquated, unspoiled presently that was besi de the point.) I knew it had happened, provided it was actually easier to believe in The Ghost of Dark Score Lake, kn give virtually some campfires as The Mysterious Crying Kiddie.My beside thought this was just before I finished my juice was that I should call Mattie Devore and tell her what had happened. I decided it was a natural impulse solely plausibly a bad idea. I was too honest-to-god to believe in such simplicities as The Damsel in Distress Versus The Wicked Stepfather . . . or, in this case, Father-in-Law. I had my own fish to fry this summer, and I didnt deficiency to complicate my job by getting into a potentially ugly dispute between Mr. Computer and Ms. Doublewide. Devore had rubbed my fur the wrong way and vigorously but that probably wasnt personal, only something he did as a matter of course. Hey, some guys snap bra-straps. Did I want to get in his facial gesture on this? No. I did not. I had saved Little Miss Red Sox, I had gotten myself an inadvertent retrieve of Moms small but pleasantly firm breast, I had regulateed that Kyra was Greek for ladylike. Any more than that would be gluttony, by God.I stopped at that point, feet as well as brain, realizing Id walked all the way to Warringtons, a vast barnboard structure which locals sometimes called the country club. It was, sort of thither was a six-hole golf course, a invariable and riding trails, a restaurant, a bar, and lodging for perhaps three dozen in the main building and the eight or nine satellite cabins. on that point was even a two-lane bowling alley, although you and your competition had to confine turns setting up the pins. Warringtons had been built around the beginning of World War I. That made it younger than Sara Laughs, but not by much.A long dock led out to a smaller building called The Sunset Bar. It was there that Warringtons summer guests would put together for drinks at the end of the day (and some for Bloody Marys at the beginning). And when I glanced out that way, I realized I was no longer alone. There was a woman standing(a) on the porch to the left of the floating bars door, watching me.She gave me a pretty good jump. My nerves werent in their best condition right thence, and that probably had something to do with it . . . but I think she would ask given me a jump in any case. Part of it was her stillness. Part was her extraordinary thinness. Most of it was her face. abide you ever seen that Edvard mash drawing, The Cry? Well, if you imagine that screaming face at rest, mouth closed and eye watchful, youll have a pretty good kitchen range of the woman standing at the end of the dock with one long-fingered hand resting on the rail. Although I must tell you that my first thought was not Edvard Munch but Mrs. Danvers.She looked round seventy and was wearing black shorts over a black tank bathing suit. The combination looked strangely formal, a var. on the ever-popular circumstantial black cocktail dress. Her skin was crea m-white, except above her nearly flat bosom and along her bony shoulders. There it swam with large brown age-spots. Her face was a wedge featuring heavy(a) skull-like cheekbones and an unlined lamp of brow. Beneath that bulge, her look were lost in sockets of shadow. White hair hung scant and lank around her ears and down to the prominent shelf of her jaw.God, shes thin, I thought. Shes nothing but a bag of A shudder twisted through me at that. It was a strong one, as if individual were spinning a wire in my flesh. I didnt want her to notice it what a way to start a summer day, by revolting a guy so badly that he stood there shaking and grimacing in apparent motion of you so I raised my hand and wheeld. I essay to smile, as well. Hello there, lady standing out by the floating bar. Hello there, you old bag of bones, you scared the living shit out of me but it doesnt take much these days and I forgive you. How the fuck ya doin? I wondered if my smile looked as much like a grim ace to her as it felt to me.She didnt roll back.Feeling quite a bit like a fool THERES NO VILLAGE IDIOT HERE, WE ALL TAKE TURNS I ended my wave in a kind of half-assed salute and headed back the way Id come. Five move and I had to look over my shoulder the sensation of her watching me was so strong it was like a hand pressing between my shoulderblades.The dock where shed been was completely deserted. I squinted my eyes, at first sure she must have just retreated deeper into the shadow thrown by the small-scale boozehaus, but she was kaput(p). As if she had been a ghost herself.She stepped into the bar, hon, Jo said. You k straightway that, dont you? I mean . . . you do know it, right?Right, right, I murmured, setting off north along The Street toward home. Of course I do. Where else? excerpt it didnt seem to me that there had been time it didnt seem to me that she could have stepped in, even in her bare feet, without me revealing her. Not on such a quiet morning.Jo again Per haps shes stealthy.Yes, I murmured. I did a lot of talk out loud before that summer was over. Yes, perhaps she is. Perhaps shes stealthy. Sure. Like Mrs. Danvers.I stopped again and looked back, but the right-of-way path had followed the lake around a slender bit of curve, and I could no longer see either Warringtons or The Sunset Bar. And really, I thought, that was just as well.On my way back, I tried to list the oddities which had preceded and then surrounded my return to Sara Laughs the repeating dreams the sunflowers the radio-station sticker the weeping in the night. I supposed that my encounter with Mattie and Kyra, plus the follow-up phone-call from Mr. Pixel Easel, also qualified as passing strange . . . but not in the same way as a child you heard sobbing in the night.And what about the fact that we had been in Derry instead of on Dark Score when Johanna died? Did that qualify for the list? I didnt know. I couldnt even remember why that was. In the fall and winter of 199 3 Id been fiddling with a screenplay for The Red-Shirt Man. In February of 94 I got going on All the Way from the Top, and that absorbed most of my attention. Besides, deciding to go westbound to the TR, west to Sara . . .That was Jos job, I told the day, and as soon as I heard the words I understood how true they were. Wed both loved the old girl, but saying Hey Irish, lets get our asses over to the TR for a few days had been Jos job. She might say it any time . . . except in the year before her death she hadnt said it once. And I had never thought to say it for her. Had somehow forgotten all about Sara Laughs, it seemed, even when summer came around. Was it possible to be that absorbed in a writing exteriorise? It didnt seem likely . . . but what other explanation was there?Something was very wrong with this picture, but I didnt know what it was. Not from nothin.That made me think of Sara Tidwell, and the lyrics to one of her songs. She had never been recorded, but I owned the B lind Lemon Jefferson version of this particular tune. One verse wentIt aint nuthin but a barn-dance dulcifyIt aint nuthin but a round-and-roundLet me kiss you on your sweet lips sugarYou the good thing that I set in motion.I loved that song, and had always wondered how it would have sounded access out of a womans mouth instead of from that whiskey-voiced old troubadour. Out of Sara Tidwells mouth. I bet she sang sweet. And boy, I bet she could swing it.I had gotten back to my own place again. I looked around, saw no one in the immediate vicinity (although I could now hear the days first ski-boat burring away downwater), stripped to my underpants, and swam out to the float. I didnt climb it, only lay beside it holding onto the ladder with one hand and lazily kicking my feet. It was nice enough, but what was I going to do with the rest of the day?I decided to spend it cleaning my work area on the second floor. When that was done, maybe Id go out and look around in Jos studio. If I didnt lose my courage, that was.I swam back, kicking easily along, raising my head in and out of water which flowed along my body like nerveless silk. I felt like an otter. I was most of the way to the shore when I raised my dripping face and saw a woman standing on The Street, watching me. She was as thin as the one Id seen down at Warringtons . . . but this one was green. Green and pointing north along the path like a dryad in some old legend.I gasped, swallowed water, coughed it back out. I stood up in chest-deep water and wiped my streaming eyes. consequently I laughed (albeit a little doubtfully). The woman was green because she was a birch growing a little to the north of where my set of railroad-tie steps ended at The Street. And even with my eyes clear of water, there was something creepy about how the leaves around the ivory-streaked-with-black trunk almost made a peering face. The air was short still and so the face was perfectly still (as still as the face of the woma n in the black shorts and bathing suit had been), but on a breezy day it would seem to smile or frown . . . or perhaps to laugh. Behind it there grew a sickly pine. One bare branching jutted off to the north. It was this I had misinterpreted for a skinny arm and a bony, pointing hand.It wasnt the first time Id spooked myself like that. I see things, thats all. Write enough stories and every shadow on the floor looks like a footprint, every line in the dirt like a secret heart. Which did not, of course, ease the task of deciding what was really erratic at Sara Laughs and what was peculiar only because my mind was peculiar.I glanced around, saw I still had this part of the lake to myself (although not for much longer the bee-buzz of the first power boat had been joined by a second and third), and stripped off my soggy underpants. I wrung them out, put them on top of my shorts and tee-shirt, and walked naked up the railroad-tie steps with my clothes held against my chest. I pretende d I was Bunter, bringing breakfast and the morning paper to Lord Peter Wimsey. By the time I got back inner(a) the house I was grinning like a fool.The second floor was stifling in spite of the open windows, and I saw why as soon as I got to the top of the stairs. Jo and I had shared space up here, she on the left (only a little room, really just a cubby, which was all she needed with the studio north of the house), me on the right. At the far end of the hall was the grilled snout of the monster air-conditioning unit wed bought the year after we bought the lodge. Looking at it, I realized I had missed its characteristic hum without even being aware of it. There was a sign tape-recorded to it which said, Mr. Noonan Broken. Blows hot air when you turn it on & sounds full of broken glass. Dean says the part it needs is promised from Western Auto in fort Rock. Ill believe it when I see it. B. Meserve.I grinned at that last -it was Mrs. M. right down to the ground and then I tried th e switch. Machinery often responds favorably when it senses a penis-equipped human in the vicinity, Jo used to claim, but not this time. I listened to the air conditioner grind for five seconds or so, then snapped it off. Damn thing shit the bed, as TR folks like to say. And until it was fixed, I wouldnt even be doing crossword puzzles up here.I looked in my office just the same, as curious about what I might musical note as about what I might find. The answer was next to nothing. There was the desk where I had finished The Red-Shirt Man, thus proving to myself that the first time wasnt a fluke there was the photo of Richard Nixon, arms raised, flashing the double V-for-Victory sign, with the caption WOULD YOU BUY A USED CAR FROM THIS MAN? running beneath there was the rag carpeting Jo had hooked for me a winter or two before she had discover the wonderful world of afghans and pretty much gave up hooking.It wasnt quite the office of a stranger, but every item (most of all, the wei rdly empty surface of the desk) said that it was the work-space of an earlier-generation Mike Noonan. Mens lives, I had read once, are usually defined by two primary forces work and marriage. In my life the marriage was over and the career on what appeared to be permanent hiatus. Given that, it didnt seem strange to me that now the space where Id spent so many a(prenominal) days, usually in a state of real happiness as I made up respective(a) imaginary lives, seemed to mean nothing. It was like flavor at the office of an employee who had been fired . . . or who had died on the spur of the moment.I started to leave, then had an idea. The filing cabinet in the corner was crammed with papers bank statements (most eight or ten years out of date), correspondence (mostly never answered), a few story fragments-but I didnt find what I was look for. I moved on to the closet, where the temperature had to be at least a hundred and ten degrees, and in a cardboard box which Mrs. M. had mar ked GADGETS, I unearthed it a Sanyo Memo-Scriber Debra Weinstock gave me at the conclusion of our work on the first of the Putnam books. It could be set to turn itself on when you started to talk it dropped into its PAUSE mode when you stopped to think.I never asked Debra if the thing just caught her eye and she thought, Why, Ill bet any self-respecting popular novelist would enjoy owning one of these babies, or if it was something a little more particularized . . . some sort of hint, perhaps? Verbalize those little faxes from your subconscious while theyre still fresh, Noonan? I hadnt known then and didnt now. But I had it, a authentic pro-quality dictating- mold, and there were at least a dozen cassette tapes in my car, home dubs Id made to listen to while driving. I would insert one in the Memo-Scriber tonight, swoop the volume control as high as it would go, and put the machine in its DICTATE mode. then(prenominal), if the noise Id heard at least twice now repeated itself, I would have it on tape. I could play it for Bill Dean and ask him what he thought it was.What if I hear the sobbing child tonight and the machine never kicks on?Well then, Ill know something else, I told the empty, sunlit office. I was standing there in the doorway with the Memo-Scriber under my arm, looking at the empty desk and sweating like a pig. Or at least suspect it.Jos nook across the hall made my office seem crowded and homey by comparison. Never overfull, it was now nothing but a square room-shaped space. The rug was gone, her photos were gone, even the desk was gone. This looked like a do-it-yourself project which had been abandoned after ninety percent of the work had been done. Jo had been scrubbed out of it scraped out of it and I felt a moments unreasonable anger at Brenda Meserve. I thought of what my mother usually said when Id done something on my own initiative of which she disapproved You took a little too much on yself, didnt you? That was my feeling about Jo s little bit of office that in emptying it to the walls this way, Mrs. Meserve had taken a little too much on herself. peradventure it wasnt Mrs. M. who cleaned it out, the UFO voice said. Maybe Jo did it herself. Ever think of that, sport?Thats stupid, I said. Why would she? I hardly think she had a premonition of her own death. Considering shed just bought But I didnt want to say it. Not out loud. It seemed like a bad idea somehow.I turned to leave the room, and a sudden sigh of cool air, amaze in that heat, rushed past the sides of my face. Not my body just my face. It was the most extraordinary sensation, like hands patting briefly but gently at my cheeks and forehead. At the same time there was a sighing in my ears . . . except thats not quite right. It was a susurrus that went past my ears, like a whisper message spoken in a hurry.I turned, expecting to see the curtains over the rooms window in motion . . . but they hung perfectly straight.Jo? I said, and hearing her name ma de me shiver so violently that I almost dropped the Memo-Scriber. Jo, was that you?Nothing. No phantom hands patting my skin, no motion from the curtains . . . which there certainly would have been if there had been an actual swig. All was quiet. There was only a tall man with a sweaty face and a tape-recorder under his arm standing in the doorway of a bare room . . . but that was when I first began to really believe that I wasnt alone in Sara Laughs.So what? I asked myself. Even if it should be true, so what? Ghosts cant suffer anyone.Thats what I thought then.When I visited Jos studio (her air-conditioned studio) after lunch, I felt quite a lot let on about Brenda Meserve she hadnt taken too much on herself after all. The few items I especially remembered from Jos little office the frame square of her first afghan, the green rag rug, her framed poster depicting the wildflowers of Maine had been put out here, along with almost everything else I remembered. It was as if Mrs. M . had sent a message I cant ease your pain or shorten your sadness, and I cant prevent the wounds that coming back here may re-open, but I can put all the stuff that may hurt you in one place, so you wont be stumbling over it unexpected or unprepared. I can do that much.Out here were no bare walls out here the walls jostled with my wifes spirit and creativity. There were knitted things (some serious, many whimsical), batik squares, rag dolls popping out of what she called my baby collages, an abstract desert painting made from strips of yellow, black, and orange silk, her flower photographs, even, on top of her bookshelf, what appeared to be a construction-in-progress, a head of Sara Laughs herself. It was made out of toothpicks and lollipop sticks.In one corner was her little look and a wooden cabinet with a sign reading JOS KNITTING STUFF NO TRESPASSING hung over the pull-knob. In another was the banjo she had tried to learn and then given up on, saying it hurt her fingers too much. In a third was a kayak paddle and a pair of Rollerblades with scuffed toes and little purple pompoms on the latch ons of the laces.The thing which caught and held my eye was sitting on the old roll-top desk in the center of the room. During the many good summers, falls, and winter weekends we had spent here, that desktop would have been littered with spools of thread, skeins of yarn, pincushions, sketches, maybe a book about the Spanish Civil War or famous American dogs. Johanna could be aggravating, at least to me, because she enforce no real system or order on what she did. She could also be daunting, even overwhelming at times. She was a brilliant scatterbrain, and her desk had always reflected that.But not now. It was possible to think that Mrs. M. had cleared the litter from the top of it and plunked down what was now there, but impossible to believe. Why would she? It made no sense.The object was covered with a gray plastic hood. I reached out to touch it, and my hand f altered an inch or two short as a memory of an old dream(give me that its my dust-catcher)slipped across my mind much as that queer draft ad slipped across my face. Then it was gone, and I pulled the plastic, over off. Underneath it was my old green IBM Selectric, which I hadnt seen or thought of in years. I leaned closer, knowing that the type save upr ball would be Courier my old favorite even before I saw it.What in Gods name was my old typewriter doing out here?Johanna painted (although not very well), she took photographs (very good ones indeed) and sometimes interchange them, she knitted, she crocheted, she wove and dyed cloth, she could play eight or ten basic chords on the guitar. She could write, of course most English majors can, which is why they become English majors. Did she demonstrate any blazing degree of literary creativity? No. After a few experiments with poetry as an undergrad, she gave up that particular branch of the arts as a bad job. You write for both of us, Mike, she had said once. Thats all yours Ill just take a little taste of everything else. Given the quality of her poems as opposed to the quality of her silks, photographs, and knitted art, I thought that was probably wise.But here was my old IBM. Why?Letters, I said. She found it down cellar or something, and rescued it to write letter on.Except that wasnt Jo. She showed me most of her letters, often urging me to write little postscripts of my own, guilt-tripping me with that old saying about how the shoemakers kids always go barefoot (and the writers friends would never hear from him if it werent for Alexander whole meal flour Bell, she was apt to add). I hadnt seen a typed personal letter from my wife in all the time wed been married if nothing else, she would have considered it shitty etiquette. She could type, producing mistake-free business letters slowly yet methodically, but she always used my desktop computer or her own Powerbook for those chores.What were you up to, hon? I asked, then began to investigate her desk drawers.Brenda Meserve had made an effort with these, but Jos fundamental nature had defeated her. Surface order (spools of thread segregated by color, for instance) quickly gave way to Jos old dear jumble. I found enough of her in those drawers to hurt my heart with a hundred unexpected memories, but I found no paperwork which had been typed on my old IBM, with or without the Courier ball. Not so much as a single page.When I was finished with my hunt, I leaned back in my chair (her chair) and looked at the little framed photo on her desk, one I couldnt remember ever having seen before. Jo had most likely printed it herself (the original might have come out of some locals attic) and then hand-tinted the result. The final product looked like a wanted poster colorized by Ted Turner.I picked it up and ran the ball of my thumb over the glass facing, bemused. Sara Tidwell, the turn-of-the-century vapors shouter whose last known port of c all had been right here in TR-90. When she and her folks some of them friends, most of them relatives had left the TR, they had gone on to Castle Rock for a little while . . . then had simply disappeared, like a cloud over the horizon or mist on a summer morning.She was smiling just a little in the picture, but the smile was hard to read. Her eyes were half-closed. The string of her guitar not a strap but a string was visible over one shoulder. In the background I could see a black man wearing a bowler hat at a killer angle (one thing about musicians they really know how to wear hats) and standing beside what appeared to be a washtub bass.Jo had tinted Saras skin to a caf?-au-lait shade, maybe based on other pictures shed seen (there are quite a few knocking around, most showing Sara with her head thrown back and her hair dangling almost to her waist as she bellows out her famous carefree yell of a laugh), although none would have been in color. Not at the turn of the century. Sara Tidwell hadnt just left her mark in old photographs, either. I recalled Dickie Brooks, owner of the All-Purpose Garage, once telling me that his father claimed to have won a teddybear at the Castle County Fairs shooting-pitch, and to have given it to Sara Tidwell. She had rewarded him, Dickie said, with a kiss. According to Dickie the old man never forgot it, said it was the best kiss of his life . . . although I doubt if he said it in his wifes hearing.In this photo she was only smiling. Sara Tidwell, known as Sara Laughs. Never recorded, but her songs had lived just the same. One of them, passport Me Baby, bears a remarkable resemblance to Walk This Way, by Aerosmith. Today the lady would be known as an African-American. In 1984, when Johanna and I bought the lodge and consequently got kindle in her, she would have been known as a Black. In her own time she would have been called a Negress or a darkie or perhaps an octoroon. And a nigger, of course. There would have been p lenty of folks free with that one. And did I believe that she had kissed Dickie Brookss father a white man in front of half of Castle County? No, I did not. Still, who could say for sure? No one. That was the entrancing thing about the past.It aint nuthin but a barn-dance sugar, I sang, putting the picture back on the desk. It aint nuthin but a round-and-round.I picked up the typewriter cover, then decided to leave it off. As I stood, my eyes went back to Sara, standing there with her eyes closed and the string which served her as a guitar strap visible over one shoulder. Something in her face and smile had always struck me as familiar, and suddenly it came to me. She looked oddly like Robert Johnson, whose primitive licks hid behind the chords of almost every Led Zeppelin and Yardbirds song ever recorded. Who, according to the legend, had gone down to the crossroads and sold his soul to Satan for seven years of fast living, high-tension liquor, and streetlife babies. And for a ju kejoint brand of immortality, of course. Which he had gotten. Robert Johnson, supposedly poisoned over a woman.In the late good afternoon I went down to the store and saw a good-looking piece of flounder in the cold-case. It looked like supper to me. I bought a bottle of white drink to go with it, and while I was waiting my turn at the cash register, a trembling old mans voice spoke up behind me. watch over you made a new friend yesty. The Yankee accent was so thick that it sounded almost like a joke . . . except the accent itself is only part of it mostly, Ive come to believe, its that singsong tone real Mainers all sound like auctioneers.I turned and saw the geezer who had been standing out on the garage tarmac the day before, watching along with Dickie Brooks as I got to know Kyra, Mattie, and Scoutie. He still had the gold-headed cane, and I now recognized it. quondam(prenominal) in the 1950s, the Boston Post had donated one of those canes to every county in the New England states. They were given to the oldest residents and passed along from old fart to old fart. And the joke of it was that the Post had gone toes-up years ago.Actually two new friends, I replied, trying to dredge up his name. I couldnt, but I remembered him from when Jo had been alive, holding down one of the overstuff chairs in Dickies waiting room, discussing weather and politics, politics and weather, as the hammers whanged and the air-compressor chugged. A regular. And if something happened out there on Highway 68, eye-God, he was there to see it.I hear Mattie Devore can be quite a dear, he said heah, Devoah, deeah and one of his crusty eyelids drooped. I have seen a fair number of salacious winks in my time, but none that was a patch on the one tipped me by that old man with the gold-headed cane. I felt a strong excite to knock his waxy beak of a nose off. The sound of it parting company from his face would be like the crack of a dead branch broken over a bent knee.Do you hear a lot, old-timer? I asked.Oh, ayuh he said. His lips dark as strips of liver parted in a grin. His gums swarmed with white patches. He had a couple of yellow teeth still planted in the top one, and a couple more on the bottom. And she gut that little one cunnin, she is AyuhCunnin as a cat a-runnin, I agreed.He blinked at me, a little surprised to hear such an old one out of my presumably newfangled mouth, and then that reprehensible grin widened. Her dont mind her, though, he said. Baby gut the run of the place, dontcha know.I became aware better belated than never that half a dozen people were watching and listening to us. That wasnt my impression, I said, raising my voice a bit. No, that wasnt my impression at all.He only grinned . . . that old mans grin that says Oh, ayuh, deah I know one worth two of that.I left the store feeling worried for Mattie Devore. Too many people were minding her business, it seemed to me.When I got home, I took my bottle of wine into the kitchen it could chill while I got the barbecue going out on the deck. I reached for the fridge door, then paused. Perhaps as many as four dozen little magnets had been scattered randomly across the front vegetables, fruits, plastic letters and numbers, even a good selection of the California Raisins but they werent random anymore. Now they formed a circle on the front of the refrigerator. Someone had been in here. Someone had come in and . . .Rearranged the magnets on the fridge? If so, that was a burglar who needed to do some heavy remedial work. I touched one of them gingerly, with just the tip of my finger. Then, suddenly angry with myself, I reached out and spread them again, doing it with enough force to knock a couple to the floor. I didnt pick them up.That night, before going to bed, I placed the Memo-Scriber on the table beneath Bunter the Great Stuffed Moose, turning it on and putting it in the DICTATE mode. Then I slipped in one of my old home-dubbed cassettes, zeroed the coun ter, and went to bed, where I slept without dreams or other interruption for eight hours.The next morning, Monday, was the sort of day the tourists come to Maine for the air so sunny-clean that the hills across the lake seemed to be under penetrative magnification. Mount Washington, New Englands highest, floated in the farthest distance.I put on the coffee, then went into the living room, whistling. All my imaginings of the last few days seemed silly this morning. Then the whistle died away. The Memo-Scribers counter, set to 000 when I went to bed, was now at 012.I rewound it, hesitated with my finger over the PLAY button, told myself (in Jos voice) not to be a fool, and pushed it.Oh Mike, a voice whispered mourned, almost-on the tape, and I found myself having to press the heel of one hand to my mouth to hold back a scream. It was what I had heard in Jos office when the draft rushed past the sides of my face . . . only now the words were slowed down just enough for me to underst and them. Oh Mike, it said again. There was a faint click. The machine had shut down for some length of time. And then, once more, spoken in the living room as I had slept in the north wing Oh Mike.Then it was gone.

An Hour To Live, An Hour To Love’s Summary Essay

An Hour to Live, an Hour to Love was written based on a true story of the best gift ever given. Richard Carlson wrote the letter an second to live to his wife, Kristine Carlson as their 18th anniversary gift. Three years letter, Richard passed away and Kristine wrote a reply an hour to love as a tribute to the genuineness of Richards wisdom. Richard mostly talked about his feeling throughout his marriage but it portrays reality as I read the book. He besidesk Stephen Levines quote as an inspiration which says, If you had an hour to live and could make just one phone call, who would it be to, what would you say and why are you waiting? We all will at long last die, so he said in tone story we might want to jump ahead and look back to have a clearer view and cunning what we have now when there is still plenty of time. If he has an hour to live, he would have called his life partner, Kris. Kristine helped him not to take himself or life truly seriously. She changed Richards lif e while in college. He was a college tennis player but he plays to please the people who saw the potential in him. The problem is his heart was not into tennis, not anymore at least. So, it was Kristine who taught him to listen to his heart and encouraged him to make the big turning point in his life by quitting tennis. To have left one hour to live, Richard wishes he would already say goodbye to his friends and family. He would love to tell Kris how much he loves her for she has been there all along during his highest highs and lowest lows. He loves how Kristine will help remind him when he forgot to listen. He admires Kristine for how she showers love on their family and being incredibly strain to other people too. He wonders Kristines ability to never sweat the small stuffs. For Richard, Kristines love is unconditional as during his lowest lows in life when he was struggling from his writing career and wishes things he shouldnt have but Kristine took it all very calmly. All she did was listened to him without judging and showed him that they are still conjure up with healthy children and thats all that matters.When he was grieving upon his grandmas death, Kristine calmed him down just by being there for him. He thought Kristines humanity is amazing as when Richard has always sweated over all the small stuffs, she taught him that we always teach best what we most need to learn. If he could live his life again, he would like to spend less time talking and more time listening. Then, he would spend far less energy wanting things he didnt have, and far more energy enjoying whathe already has. Moreover, if he could live his life over again, he would rarely if ever be in such a hurry and let happiness catches up to him instead of chasing down happiness. And for him, thats what Kristine has always been able to do, which is to be present with him. He in addition would never put off so easily and so often what he wanted to do. Finally, if he is given the chance to live his life over, he wishes to be more loving to Kris and to everyone else and expect far less in return. And why are you waiting? He mentioned his girl who says, Mommy I get another of these? Which means, I get another day to live? It gives Richard goose bumps every time he heard that but he admires a childs gratitude towards life. Richard is not saying that neither obligations and responsible in life is not important, nor your goals, ambitions, dreams and obstacles to overcome but he is teaching us to go bad appreciating things that make us happy and content, things we will talk about during our final hour of life. He wanted people to realize before its too late.

Financial Statement Analysis of Amazon.Com

Financial Statement Analysis of virago. com, Inc. Introduction The purpose of this essay is to perform financial rehearsal analysis on Amazon. com, Inc. (NASDAQ AMZN ). We start with an introduction of Amazon and its industry. We then evaluate the companys financial position, runniness, run ability and financial flexibility development different ratios. To evaluate the financial performance of Amazon. com, Inc we disclose recurring NICO and do full ROE disaggregation. Amazon. coms declivity price increased from $44. 29 per parting at the end of fiscal year 2004 to $134. 2 per shargon at the end of fiscal year 2009. Earnings per share increased from $0. 63 to $2. 06. The stock closed at $118. 87 on 02/01/2010. Recommendation Amazon. com is a devalued growing E-Commerce company. Although facing the upstart U. S. and global economic down turn and intensive competitions from various industries, its sales increased 28% in 2009, dilute earnings per share increased 31%. Based on our analysis, we project the company to pass off affirm the high emersion rate. We project the two year target price range of Amazons stock to be $193 to $209.The stock is shortly undervalued. Consequently, our recommendation of Amazon. com is BUY. Industry Analysis Amazon. com, Inc. is an American-based multinational electronic commerce company. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, Amazon was founded in 1994. As one of the largest online retailers in the world, Amazon claims to offer hide outs Biggest Selection. In addition to online retailing, Amazon also offers programs that enables seller to sell their products on Amazon. com and to fulfill orders through Amazon. It earns fixed fees and r til nowue share fees and so forth hough those transactions. Amazon turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001 and kept up(p) high growth rate since then. We believe that the below are the constitute factors important to the future success of Amazon. com * Successful in efforts to expand into international market segments Amazon needs to further expand internationally to maintain its sustainable growth. * Successful in optimizing fulfillment process and operating its fulfillment centers Amazon needs to continue to expand and optimize the operation of its fulfillment centers. Successful in finding new revenue streams Amazon needs to seek new ways to diversify revenue generation and drive its overall growth. * Manage growth effectively Amazons global expansion increases the complexity of the business. Financial position, liquidity, operating capability and financial flexibility Financing structure of Amazon. com Table 1 summarizes how Amazon. com was financed as of each of the last 6 fiscal year ends. As of December 31(in millions) 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004Operating liabilities $ 8,447 $ 5,233 $4,006 $ 2,685 $1,929 $ 1,620 Financing liabilities 109 409 1,282 1,247 1,521 1,855 Equity 5,257 2,672 1,197 431 246 (227) Total Asse ts $13,813 $ 8,314 $6,485 $ 4,363 $3,696 $ 3,248 Table 1 Amazons fixed assets additions steadily increased between fiscal year 2004 and 2009. Its possession of marketable securities increased each year other than 2007, which was due(p) to the anticipation of an acquisition in 2008. At the same time, Amazon. om has been aggressively paying off its long term debt. Its debt continues to decrease between 2004 and 2009. The debt to total assets ratio give the sackped from 57% in 2004 to only 1% in 2009. Between 2006 and 2008, Amazon repurchased total 17 million shares of common stocks. Overall, Amazon. com shows tidy financing structure and operating capability over the past five years. Buy decreasing its debt level, Amazons management team up shows well out looking of the company. Liquidity Three liquidity ratios of Amazon in the past 5 years are presented in table 2. The liquidity ratios of Amazons competitor, Ebay, are also presented for 2008 and 2009.The three liquidi ty ratios show Amazon has very good liquidity, which means it could easily carry through current liabilities with current assets. Comparing to Amazon, Ebay is even more liquid as it could satisfy its short term liabilities purely by cash and cash equivalents. Amazon. com eBay 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2009 2008 Current Ratio (to one) 1. 33 1. 30 1. 39 1. 33 1. 52 1. 57 2. 32 1. 70 Quick Ratio (to one) 1. 04 1. 00 1. 07 0. 99 1. 22 1. 27 2. 32 1. 70 Cash Ratio (Acid Ratio) (to one) 0. 86 0. 79 0. 84 0. 80 1. 04 1. 10 1. 10 0. 86 Table 2 Financial Flexibility Financial flexibility (Solvency and leverage) is a companys ability to adapt to unforeseen events and opportunities. supplement means using debt (or other third party funds) to increase earnings for the owners. Table 3 presents some financial flexibility and leverage ratios of Amazon. com from 2005 to 2009 and for Ebay from 2008 to 2009. Amazon. com is a fast growing company and in the fiscal year ended 2004, the y had a negative total equity, which could skew the ratios. Therefore, we did not present the ratios in 2004. From table 3 we can see that at the end of fiscal year 2009, both Amazon. om and eBay throw off high financial flexibility due to low or even zero long-term debt. Their usages of leverages are both low. Although a company should try to use leverage to increase earnings for the owner, in the current economical environment, have low or zero long-term debt is actually an good, which means they dont need to rely on creditors to maintain their high growth rate. Overall, Amazon. com has good operating capability, high liquidity and high financial flexibility. One thing to note is that in the current economy environment, while a lot of companies are seeking for credit yet they could not find it, Amazon. om is using cash to paying off its debt. This shows that the companys operation is healthy and the management team is confident about the future growth of the company. Amazon. c om eBay 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2009 2008 Financial Leverage 2. 8 3. 8 6. 7 11. 9 365. 5 1. 4 Debt to Assets 1% 5% 20% 29% 41% 0% 0% Debt to Equity 2% 15% 107% 289% 618% 0% 0% Debt to Capital 2% 13% 52% 74% 86% 0% 0% Liabilities to Equity 1. 63 2. 11 4. 42 9. 12 14. 02 0. 34 0. 41 Liabilities to Assets 62% 68% 82% 90% 93% 25% 29% Table 3 Operations and ProfitabilityAs shown in Table 4, we reconciled Amazons NICO as reported to recurring NICO for 2004 2009. The diluted net earnings per common share as reported and recurring NICO per common share are included too. We also included similar satisfaction for Ebays fiscal year 2009. Table 5 shows the complete disaggregation of profit margin and return on equity. From the ROE disaggregation we can see that between 2004 and 2009, Amazon. com maintained a gross profit margin between 22% and 24% and operating margin between 3. 6% and 6. 4%. Especially, since 2007, its operating margin stabilise at around 4. % with a slight incr ease in 2009. Its profit margin steadily increased 0. 2% each year from 3. 3% to 3. 7%. Amazon. coms ROE decrease over the years due to their pay back of most of their debt. Overall, Amazon. com maintained stable operating efficiency in recent years. At the same time, its overall profit efficiency is in a slight uptrend. Amazon. com has negative operating cycle, which means Amazon doesnt pay its suppliers until by and by it receives the payment of the sales. Therefore, Amazon doesnt need to hold much inventory while it can hold the money for a longer period of time. This is the advantage of the online retailing.Its operating cycle decreased from -27. 58 days in 2006 days to -37. 16 days in 2009, which shows improved operating efficiency over the years. Amazon. coms operating margin and profit margin both were pretty stable with a slight increase in 2009. We expect its profitability continue to maintain at the same level or slightly increase. Amazon. coms operating cycle and Asset Turn Over Rate both continue to drop in the past three years (annual rate around 20% and 5% separately), which shows its improvement in operating efficiency. We expect Amazon. com continue to improve its operating efficiency.Table 4 Table 5 Business and Investment Risks As a result of our analysis, we discovered the following business and investment risks that could result in downgrading of Amazons stock. Intense competition Amazons business is intensely competitive. It has many competitors in different industries, including retail, e-commerce services, digital content and digital media devices, and mesh services. The intense competition has corresponding negative impact on prices, which in turn would hurt profit margins. For example, to compete with Apple, Amazon has to lower the price of its Ebook reader Kindle.Weakening of the U. S. or global economies A softening of demand caused by a weakening of the U. S. or global economies may result in decreased revenue or growth. Taxa tion Risks Currently, Amazon doesnt collect sales or other taxes on shipments of most of its goods into most states in the U. S. This situation could revision in the future due to regulation changes. This could decrease its ability to compete with traditional retailers. Growth Potential and Recommendation As a fast growing company, Amazon. com has a diluted recurring NICO per common share CAGR of 27% over the past five years.The diluted recurring NICO per common share increased 35% in 2009. The sustainable growth rate in 2009 was 23%. We expect Amazon to continue to maintain its growth rate. Therefore, we project the future growth rate of Amazon to be between 25% and 30%. The two year target diluted recurring NICO per common share would be between $3. 22 and $3. 48. We project Amazons P/E ration will be around 60. Therefore, the two year target price range for Amazon would be $193 to $209. The closing price of Amazon. com on 02/01/2010 was $118. 87. As the result of the above anal ysis, our recommendation of Amazon. com is BUY.

The chaos in Part 2 of ‘Atonement’ is matched by the chaos in ‘The Crucible’

McEwans Atonement throws its narration into an abject state of confusion in Part 2, with Robbie facing the horrible images of war which repeatly return in his state of consciousness as menacing flashbacks history has once again repeated itself in the demolition of French society as he makes his way towards Dunkirk, while the citizens of capital of Oregon in The Crucible experience the terrible murders and descent into pandemonium at the whim of Abigail and the breakdown of order within society.Little is left to imagination in the opening of Part Two within Atonement, as McEwan assumes the narrative role of Robbie in the midst of confusion and the reader is immediately thrust into a situation where there were horrors enough, with worse to come as he examines the destruction of a household as he nones The scraps of clothmay have been a childs A sons.The complete lack of respect for human life is fully realised when Robbie observes that it was a leg in a treewedged in the first for king of the trunksevered cleanly small enough to be a childs it is disturbing that the Robbie notes that the leg seemed to be on display, for their bene twin or enlightenment this is a leg.The situation of body parts strewn across the landscape sewer only be seen as a normal situation, and Robbie describes his company as refusing to be drawn inin the past few days they had seen enough. Miller mirrors this in The Crucible, peculiarly in regards to the lack of respect for human life. The Putnams, described as a man with numerous grievances. Disturbingly it is this very part of him that results in the ensuing funny house of which he acts as a land-grabber, making full use of the capital of Oregon enamour trials to his profit.The audience becomes fully aw atomic number 18 of this motivation when the introduction of his character notes that many accusations against people are in the handwriting of doubting Thomas Putnam, and the later accusations of Proctor are first hinted by Putna m suggesting that The tract is in (his) bounds notably later Proctors condemnation the only person that can afford to purchase such expensive property within Salem is, in fact, Thomas Putnam. In another accusation, Giles Corey argues that If Jacobs hangsthere is none but Putnam with the coin to buy so great a piece.We see the descent into chaos as Putnam is clearly ordain to trade human life for his own physical gain, with take down the Reverend Paris in implied collusion, when he adamantly exclaims that Salem has not treated him in accordance to his rights as a minister, and he too decides to join the accusation bandwagon which only leads to condemnation of further innocence. Both texts refer to the destruction of humanity it is disturbingly normalised in Robbies war with the citizens only seeing mutilated bodies, in a way tortured by war2 while the envy of the characters within The Crucible is directly responsible for the deaths that ensue.Miller in any case portrays a sense o f hysteria within the town Abigail acts as the firebrand of the hysteria bandwagon, choosing to accuse Tituba of witchcraft, with dark intentions of having her own charges dropped I never called him Tituba, Tituba. The trials and chaos that ensure therefore comes as a direct consequence of a star accusation, as Abigail realises that she, and many others, stand to gain much more from false accusations and Proctor furiously states that little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common retribution writes the law.A disturbing reflection of this is portrayed in Robbie witnessing the scene where the soldiers began to turn against their own side he was in the RAF and the tommies held him accountable eachone had suffered, and now soulfulness was going to pay. The lack of chapter demarcations within Part Two gives first indication of the descent into chaos as order is broken down, and previous associate are instead pitted against each other as a hand whipped out and slapped the mans face and disturbingly he notes that even he could understand the exhilaration among the tormentors and the insidious way it could claim him.It is clear that the war has a chaotic effect on men, as McEwan creates the commentary that war can destroy even the best of men2, including Robbie. It is only through the intervention of Mace that this chaos is somewhat diverted outdoor(a) from the RAF officer clearly worship is still in existence but is already veering towards questionable. Miller similarly alludes to his in the accusations against Tituba, when even the lowly servant who simply works on behalf of the family is used as a scapegoat.The following accusations are similarly targeted at Good and Osburn, resolely for being of lowly sort within Salems society and the easiest targets. Eventually the accusations take a much more hysterical turn when Putnam stands as perhaps the most corrupt schemer within Salem he is the only to accuse Rebecca Nurse of witchcraft, i n which even the authorities including Parris and Hale find questionable.Society within both Salem and Atonements scope reveals the true nature of chaos and hysteria as direct result of human nature and envy. It is thus described by some commentators that the witch trials offereda release of pent-up frustrations and emotion1 In both cases it is notably the children that advocate and cause the chaos Robbie explicitly refers to Briony as the sole creator of his destruction.In his converse with Cecilia, we see the full capacity for destruction on behalf of children within the text Yes, she was just a child. But not every child sends a man to prison with a lie. In Millers case, this is exactly what follows Abigails initial accusations she opens further accusations, and in a fit of vengeance decides to openly accuse Proctor of witchcraft, and under Abigails leadership the children clamour together and even implicate Mary Warren, one of their own, as colluding with a witch.Hence both tex ts present chaos in the form of an upturned society, where the higher authorities hold little to no power. The opening of Part Two in Atonement already hints towards this, as Robbie is noted for taking the dead captains revolver, with later instances of insubordination as they refuse to get wind to a commander who insists on a suicide operation to push the Germans back.In Salem, it is the children that make the bulk of the evidence within the judiciary system, and even the heartbreaking judges Danforth and Hathorne are somewhat unwilling to question the evidence of the children, with Danforth only willing to worriedly question Abigails evidence, not to seek the truth, but sooner to protect his own reputation as a judge we see Abigail directly challenge Danforth himself who can only shrink back in fear.The hardship of order within society is clear in both texts Robbie assumes command of Mace and Nettle despite the two being a higher club than he is himself, and repeatedly we see the two referring to him as Guvnor. Crucially, in both texts the onslaught of chaos is exacerbated by the very people who we assume to be willing and able to curb it. Cecilia angrily accuses Leon of being a grinning, spineless idiot and that she now understands the snobbery that lay behind their (her familys) stupidity.Conversely, in Salem it is Danforth who crucially holds the ability to change the course of chaos, yet he too insists on furthering the accusations to save his own reputation, insisting that there will be no clutches, as he cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime he is loath to relinquish control to anyonehe cannot cope with the potency chaos caused by free thought1Hence the two texts illustrate the full force of chaos, Atonement in the sense of physical and mental destruction, while The Crucible draws links to destruction and chaos as a result of human nature. Arguably it is possible to see the physical deaths and horrific images of c orpses as far greater chaos than in Millers play Robbies narration is evocative in normalising the sight of corpses and breakdown of order.However, The Crucible also somewhat matches the chaos and cruelty of war, as we see the executions of numerous innocents as the result of human treachery and envy. The chaos that ensues in Millers descriptions are therefore far more disturbing in the driving force behind the destruction, where chaos is the result of intentions in Atonement Robbie is only swept away into chaos and imprisonment by the act of a silly, hysterical girl who does not necessarily realise the full weight of her actions, while within Salem it is the deliberate acts of individuals that contribute.Thus the chaos seen within both texts is generally matched, although with different motives it is a different sort of chaos that is portrayed within the two, where one is avertable and the other perhaps unavoidable in the sense of war and its inherent destructive capacity.

Describe the Terms and Conditions of Own Contract of Employment Essay

My contract of employment covers Job Location, as regards to where I am based in my employment. A job description, which describes the duties and responsibilities of my post. Continuous service, this is my start date for the company even if in a different role. Criminal records bureau checks, this just states that the post is subject to a CRB check. Probationary period, this confirms length of probationary period , what is expected of you within that period and also what happens at the end of the probationary period.Pay, This describes how much I impart be paid, any enhancements, pay scale and possible pay rises dependant on gaining certain qualifications. Payroll procedures, this describes how I will be paid, how often and when i will be paid, pay slip information, about the companys rights to make deductions if over paid or if you left and owed holiday/money for training or crb and about advising the company of any change in personal details. Hours, this is brief information on h ours I am expected to do and break entitlements. Holidays, describes my holiday entitlement, how to book it and when the leave year commences and ends.Notice period, information on length of notice needed to terminate employment by myself or company. Training, states that you are necessary to attend mandatory training and about the possibilities of further training. Sickness arrangements, details the procedure to follow if you are ill and statutory sick pay entitlements. Confidentiality, let off the need for confidentiality due to sensitive nature of the business whilst in service and after leaving. Data protection, informs of the need for the company to hold personal information on you.

Prevent the Boys from Descending Into Savagery Essay

Compare the ways in which loutish and Simon attempt to prevent the boys from desc intercepting into savagery. The Lord of the Flies shows a group of boys who end up in a plane crash, and get stuck on a deserted island for weeks. Here, we find different types of boys, ones that are good, and like to do the right liaison others will mess around, and try and mislead others into their bad doings. However, through the novel, the two major characters of the book, Ralph and Jack fight for leadership and as Ralph tries to sustain democracy on with his friend Piggy, Jack tries to lead us into savagery, misleading others to believe that they arent going to be rescued, and instead, are going to be killed by a living creature, which Simon, another quiet and saint-like boy discovers is not true. Savagery is an act of violent or cruelty, or anything bad that is going to happen.During this essay, I will be public lecture about how Simon and Piggy acted climb only, and how they hindered savage ry onto the island for a little bit of time. I will be analyzing how they did this, and what got the couple killed because of this. Firstly, we will look at Piggy and how his suggestions were undermined by the other members of the group, this is consistent in all the meetings that they have, he is failed to be listened to. Piggys physical appearance, his common sense and genuine thinking makes him the only mature and adult-like child on the island. However, he doesnt blend in with the others because of this. All the others want to play, while he says that you shouldnt be playing when youre in a life-threatening situation, but we have to survive, find food, make shelters, which is genuinely a true fact. When playing kill the wildcat well, which one of the boys pretends to be, he spoils the game. This rightfully furthers Piggy and the others, we are now seeing that Ralph sticks up for Piggy, and that Jack and Ralph further away from their invisible light of friendship.E veryone doe snt listen to him, because they feel he is different to him, by appearance, abilities, thinking, e.g. I was the only boy in the school what had asthma. None of the other boys had this, they felt he was different to others, so they wouldnt include him in most occasions, but as Ralph was leader, he had to be. To live on a deserted island, we have to build shelter dont we. Well Ralph being leader assigned jobs, and people werent following them as they shouldve been. Ralph and Simon are at work building huts for the younger boys to live in. Ralph gets blind drunk because the huts keep falling down before they are completed andbecause, though the huts are vital to the boys ability to live on the island, none of the other boys as well as Simon will help him. As Ralph and Simon work, most of the other boys splash about and play, it shows a complete disobedience of teamwork and order people werent doing what they were supposed to be doing.Simon, Piggy and Ralph seem to only be leading civ ilization, only Piggy and Simon offered to help, everyone else is messing around, and this would lead to savagery, because they are not paying attention to what the leader says, if this carried on for a long-term period, things would go crazy Jack and Piggy dont like each other at all. Right from the start Jack reveals a deep dislike for Piggy. This started at the first meeting everyone had when Piggy and Ralph wanted to know who everyone was, Jack shouted, Shut up fatty you talk too practically offending Piggy greatly, Piggy started to dislike him now, he said, it was always like this. When the fire goes out, Piggy said to Jack that you said you would keep the smoke going, as Jack now felt dumb, he punched Piggy in the stomach, making him even more vulnerable to things like this.Piggy represents civilization and the world of fancy and reason. Jack represents the savagery of the island it shows that they dont like each other because they come from two ends of the spectrum. Next, w e all hear about this zoology, it isnt actually real. The beast represents the way in which people make something outside of them evil, so that they can maintain and image of themselves as good, this allows them to avoid the responsibility of looking inside them. The beast is actually the plane pilot, who goes crazy, and then wanders around the island the boys think it is the beast. Jack gets his honour and order only because of the beast if the beast wasnt there he wouldnt be the leader of his tribe. Simon being brave, finds out that it is the pilot, and there is no beast, he runs off to Jacks tribe, and tries to tell them, but then they think its the beast, because it is night-time, they kill him, not knowing it was Simon, a big part of the islands democracy has gone significantly.Simon dies, and it is very significant event in this case, if the boys listened to him, they would be salvage by savagery, and wont have to keep on acting like animals. However, a storm was arising in t he moment of time, so it could have been a mistake, but Ralph and Piggy knew it was him. The sea connected softly when it came in contact with the sea, it felt that there was a storm the Bible stated this,because the wind was very strong, Jesus died and took it very strongly. Same for Simon, the sea connected with him, so in some terms, he could be Jesus in the book. To conclude, I think that if the boys had listened to Piggy and Simon, and just did not act immaturely and disobediently, they would have escaped from Jacks savagery.At the end of the flooring, savagery took over, and the boys were ruled by an arrogant chief. comparison the end and start of the story, they were completely different, physically and mentally, they let their own feelings about this beast take over them, when actually Piggy and Simon were speaking sense the satisfying time Each step that Jack made, and the kids believing what he said, got them one step closer to savagery, and it didnt end up too well whe n the story was ending. We have a massive decline of civilised values look how many kids got killed because of some boys, especially Roger acting stupid. I guess youre thinking what they would be like in their adult-ages.

Psychology Diagnostic Film Goodwill Hunting Essay

Diagnosis The customer is a male in his early 20s. He presents with a number of symptoms associated with antisocial ainity disorder. The lymph gland has a bill of breaking the law. He has been arrested a number of periods for charges ranging from assault to grand stealing auto. The guests most recent arrest was the result of a street fight which light-emitting diode to the lymph gland punching the arresting officer.After getting out of jail on bail the thickening started select a fight with a nonher someone, however, this encounter did non lead to physical violence. In addition to this history, the guest partakes in a number of noble risk behaviors including drinking and smoking. He has a history of existence in and out of foster homes and adolescent detention as a child. in that respect is a history of physical abuse. He currently lives alone. The guest is very intelligent, quiet, and guarded. He has a noniceable problem with both authority figure. The client overl y has a tendency to make up stories.According to the DSM criteria, it is clear that this client has a spirit disorder. General criteria for personality disorders be detailed in the following paragraphs (Morrison, 1995). The individual must(prenominal) present with symptoms that deviate from their culture. Specifically, they must exhibit at least two of the following deviation in affect, cognition, impulse control, or interpersonal functioning. This client displays deviation in cognition and impulse control. He is passing intelligent however, he did not continue on to college and currently works as a janitor. base on his fighting behavior, it appears the client notes others are a fall uponst him.During therapy sessions, the client made up stories and jokes due to his negative thoughts toward therapy. It is too clear that he feels others were against him or trying to hurt him. This is seen in his inability to form c omit relationships. He too displays impulse control, again bear witness by his continual fighting. For these symptoms to be categorized as a personality disorder they must affect the individuals personal and social feeling and outlive a ache time, obtainning in childhood.This clients fighting cause him to spend time in jail. Additionally, his lies, guardedness, and poor cognitions resulted in the break up of him and his girlfriendfriend. These symptoms absorb been present since childhood, as the client has spent time in juvenile detention. Finally, these symptoms can not be attributed to any other mental health disorder or medical checkup condition. Neither of these types of conditions is present. Specific to asocial Personality Disorder, symptoms must have began before 15 years old. These cop repeated violations of rules, age appropriate norms, or others rights. Specific symptoms in adulthood imply aggression against people or animals, property destruction, lying or theft, and serious rule violations. To meet criteria the individ ual must display at least three of these symptoms. The client clearly had aggression issues toward other, as evidenced by his repeatedly starting fights. He also had a number of prior arrests for assault. It was also celebrated that he had been arrested for grand theft auto. This client also has a tendency to lie. He was not discriminating to who he lied to either. One example of this was with his girlfriend.He told her he was from a big family and has 12 brothers. The client also lied in the beginning of his therapy sessions. As noted this client does not appear to have any axis I diagnosis, however additional information is needed. His axis vertebra II diagnosis is Antisocial Personality Disorder. There was no report of any medical condition. This client is experiencing a number of Axis IV psychosocial stressors.The client is intelligent however he has a low paying job. His educational stressors begin with the professor begins putting too lots pressure on him regarding the mat hematical proofs. Finally, he lives alone and in that location is a history of physical abuse. The abuse whitethorn be a root cause of his behaviors as an adult. The clients GAF is 80. His behaviors are causing problems in his life however, the client is able to care from himself-importance and hold down employment.Axis I 799.9 DeferredAxis II Antisocial Personality DisorderAxis triple noneAxis IV psychosocial stressors occupational, educational, lives alone, history of abuseAxis V 80Ethics There are a number of ethical violations throughout the course of the film. One condition of the clients release from jail was that he attends therapy sessions. During the outset two therapy sessions the professor and his graduate student were in the room with the client and the therapist. Even though the professor was legally responsible for the client, clients still have the right to confidentiality. Finally, the tercet therapist honored the clients rights. When the therapy session began h e asked the other two to leave. This therapist, however, also violate ethics on a number of occasions. During the first session with the client, he took the clients comments some his wife personally. To stand up for his wife, the therapist lunged at the client and choked him at the like time threatening him. In a less direct way the therapist was harsh with the client in the beginning. He did not seem to treat the client in an unbiased helping way.There is also the issue of physical contact. The therapist knew the client had experienced physical abuse as a child. However, he forced the client to hug him near the end of the film. While this ended up to be the alterative push the client needed to open up it could have caused more emotional harm. This therapist also used derogatory language with the client which is a violation to ethics. The main character was not the only character in this story who displayed overt behaviors. The therapist and the professor both verbalized their own personal vises throughout the film. The professor was a perfectionist and tried to instill this onto the client. He became visibly frustrated when the client was not interested in continuing with his mathematical work or attending the job interviews.There was also tension between him and the therapist due in part to this perfectionist attitude. However, throughout the film, the professor learned that not everyone had the same ambitions as he and sometimes being perfect did not matter. The therapist also expressed some overt behaviors. The main one was when he lost control during the first meeting with his client. passim the therapy sessions the therapist also disclosed information about him self.Second Diagnosis Some of the symptoms this client displayed could be diagnosed as Major Depressive disorder. To met criteria for this disorder the individual must experience five of the following symptoms with in the same two weeks depressed mood almost everyday, loss of interest in re gular activities, weight gain or loss exceeding 5% of their typical weight, too little or too much sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, poor concentration, or suicidal ideation. Additionally, these symptoms are much(prenominal) that others notice changes in the individuals behavior. This client exhibited a number of these symptoms. When hanging out with his friends, he was typically quite and withdrawn. He also seemed to lose interest in typical activities specifically, spending time at the bar with his friends. On one such occasion, he stated that he didnt want to hang out and just wanted to go home.The client also displayed a loss of sleep. In one scene the client was still wake after hanging out all night. His self worth was also low. He did not feel that he was worthy for happiness. This attitude was seen throughout the film, specifically, when he was talking to the therapist and during a fight with his girl friend. There also was a conversation with his best friend rega rding his potential. He stated that he was not going anywhere and their kids would grow up together. Finally, he exhibited a slight problem with his concentration. During therapy sessions the client tended to move from one topic to another. Taking these symptoms into consideration, this clients official diagnosis would be as followsAxis I Major Depressive DisorderAxis II deferredAxis iii noneAxis III noneAxis IV psychosocial stressors occupational, educational, lives alone, history of abuseAxis V 80 This diagnosis was not chosen, however, due to the onset of the clients symptoms. He began exhibiting symptoms in his childhood. Typically disorders such as contain disorder which involves behaviors such as fighting and rule violations as a child lead to personality disorders as an adult. While this client may have presented with some depressive symptoms, this is not the strongest diagnosis for this client.Treatment cardinal different types of treatment are presented in this film. F irst, with one of the first therapist was hypnotism. This treatment is typically used to take an individual back to a previous time, usually childhood. The goal is for the client to relive a harmtic event in a safe environment in order to come to toll with what happened. This client however, was guarded and against treatment and made jokes during the treatment. Psychoanalysis was used with the other two therapists. Again with the first therapist, the client was guarded and did not cooperate with the treatment, making a joke and putting the therapist down. The last therapist however, made progress with the client. With this type of treatment, the goal is to get the client talking about the events of their life in order to solve problems on their own. It is also often helpful for clients to have a appear board. This treatment was successful because the therapist met the client on his level.He did not try to pry into the clients history prematurely. One important aspect to psychoana lytic therapy is building a relationship between the client and the therapist (Andreason & Black, 2006). This therapy technique also involves verbal communication (Andreason & Black, 2006). This is helpful with high functioning clients who are capable of introspection. When the therapist is nonjudgmental the client feels comfortable to disclose information. Knowing that the client is very high functioning, this is the best therapy for him.Goals for Treatment One of the clients issues was his recurring run-ins with the law. The first goal for this client would be to decrease number of arrests. Objectives would include the following (a) attend anger management group therapy, (b) avoid situations that may provide the opportunity to get in trouble, and (c) continue with individual therapy to get to the root of the clients anger issues. Another problem the client has is his negative attitude toward authority. The goal for this issue would be to augment respect for authority.This would b e achieved by (a) continued individual therapy and (b) finding a male role model. Finally, the client has low self esteem which may be leading to his lack of ambition. The goal here would be for the client to participate in activities to increase his self esteem. This can be achieved with the following objectives (a) positive self affirmations on a daily basis and (b) introspection exercises. This client experienced a lot of trauma as a child which has negatively affected his adulthood. Therefore, both the therapist and the client must be patient to see changes.ReferencesAndreasen, N. C. & Black, D. W. (2006). Introductory textbook of psychiatry 4th ed. Washington DC. American Psychiatric Publishers.Bender, L. (1997). dependable Will Hunting.Morrison J. (1995). DSM-IV made easy. The Guilford Press New York.

Flooding in South Africa Essay

Most floods take hours or days to develop, giving residents enough time to prep are or evacuate. Others happen quickly and with little warning. These scoot floods can be extremely dangerous and cause study damage to the landscape and the habitants of such an area. possibility specialists have various ways of classifying floods according to their likelihood of occurring and the intensity of the flood. A hundred-year flood, for example, is an extremely tremendous, destructive egress that would theoretically be expected to happen only once every century.Heavy rain in a short period of time in the part of South Africa, caused more(prenominal) than hundreds of plenty to be homeless by heavy swamp. Floods caused many to seek refuge on rooftops and on trees. This catastrophe killed more than hundreds of people causing the death toll to rise. Recently these floods caused evacuation of the Kruger National, a game reserve in Northern South Africa. Floods also c overed some farmlands an d crops were killed as a result forcing farms to close. Most of the roads, dams and large buildings were damaged. Due to flooding some mines were forced to close, this the case of a coal mines in Limpopo. Floods frequently causes major infrastructure damage of roads, railway lines, electricity supply systems, water supply and sewage disposal systems. Bribges over rivers are particularly exposed to damage and disruption of transportation systems follows. The economic effects of flooding are often greater than the flood itself. (Parker 2000) According to Parker (2000) because floods frequently destroy crops and livestock, food shortages are not strange in the aftermath.Floods may affect food availability in a number of ways. Food stocks may be damaged if storage areas are flooded. Serious flooding usually disrupts transportation of food deficit areas, particularly in towns, which are cut off from supply sources and have inadequate food stock. Impacts of flooding may hinder the eco nomic growth and development that is the high cost of relief and recovery may adversely impact investment in infrastructure and other development activities in the area and in certain cases may cripple the frail economy of the of the neck of the woods.Recurrent flooding in a sphere may discourage long-term investments by the government and private sector alike. Lack of livehoods, combined with migration of handy labour and inflation may have a negative impact on a regions economic growth. Loss of resource can lead to high costs of goods and services, delaying its development programmes. (Drep surgical operation international federation of Red Cross and crescent societies). Figure 2 three kid were during floods in LimpopoAs discussed under various perspectives, it is clear from the assignment that floods had adverse impact on the socio-economic status of livehoods for people in South Africa more especially the residents of Limpopo. It is also evident that there are varying prima l causes of floods i South Africa. Places near the flood event are the most susceptible to the dangers of the floods. Proximity of these places and indigence were identified as being the main cause of vulnerability of people

Reverse Innovation Essay

AbstractHistoric anyy multinational enterprises have ge ard there w atomic number 18 flings to the veritable gentlemans gentleman. These same harvests were then often toned down in aspects of quality and or features and offered to emergent economies. However, often these products did non stomach the require, demands or wants of customers in rising economies. Thus, to prevent a disruption of product fling and securities industry control multinational enterprises need to look to sassy product ideas veritable for emergent economies quite a than handed down to these economies. Enter the ideals of revoke mental hospital and the ways in which multinationals stool bump into these needs. The paper will focus on the reverse understructure concept, identify need gaps within emergent economies and bringing together examples of multinationals and startups that have benefited from reverse innovation.Keywords Reverse traffic pattern, Multinational National Enterprise, Need Ga psReverse InnovationIn the early part of 2009 Logitech, a leading manufacturer of wireless computer peripherals was at the conduce of its game. Offering a variety of wireless input devices ranging from the low-end models to high priced multifunctional models Logitechs marketing team assumed that it had its bases c over across the consumer market. However, Logitech had missed one key component of an effective global lineage-marketing plan a flesh out consciousness of how consumers in both the developed and e coming together markets would use their products. In emerging markets such as China, the demand for wireless peripherals was foc utilise on low cost and long range, the opposite of the peripherals that Logitech offered to the market. This lack of understanding pushed Logitech out the wireless peripheral market and allowed much smaller competitors, who understood the needs of customer, to take over the market share in China and other emerging markets.As presented by Trimble ( 2012), reverse innovation helps leaders and managers see what it means to develop in emerging markets first, instead of scaling down rich- realism products, to unlock a human race of opportunity (para.2).To be truly effective and successful at reverse innovationcompanies must queen-sizedly change the way that they think. Instead of inventing new products for developing countries, companies should look to the needs of the demesne and develop products that fit. Schachter, identifies five needs gaps that assortediate emerging markets from rich countries. These gaps include infrastructure gap, performance gap, sustainability gap, restrictive gap and the preference gap (Schachter, 2012).This paper will focus on these five need gaps, set up how each can potentially benefit a confederacy and how each add to a companys ability to meet the need of its markets. Further each of the needs gap will be referenced to current industry leaders and new start-ups including firms such as John De ere, commonplace Electric, Microsoft, PepsiCo and diagnostics for solely. In addition to the bridging of the needs gaps of emerging countries to major companies this paper will likewise look at the how companies can benefit from entering a marginalized marketGeneral Electric and Infrastructure GapsIn the developed world, global business often takes for granted the infrastructure that is in impersonate. New products can be developed in the in rich countries with the assumption that a solid and reliable infrastructure is in place (Govindarajan, 2012). In emerging economies, businesses must not make such assumptions and plan new products to harbour the different environments. General Electric has made several leaps and bounds in new product development in which they have taken in to consideration the infrastructure in emerging economies.Two of the key products that General Electric has developed using the strategy of reverse innovation include hand-held electrocardiogram devices a nd PC-based ultrasound machines (Layne, 2009). Both products are geared towards emerging markets in which the current infrastructure is unable provide qualified alternatives. These products will further reach parts of rural emerging markets that traditional equipment would take many old age to reach. Understanding the challenges of infrastructure needs in emerging markets has played out quite well GE.From harmonise to General Electric (GE) (2009), GEs revenues outside the United States soared from $4.8 billion, or 19% of total revenues, in 1980 to $97 billion, or more than halfof the total, in 2008 (Para. 2). Professor Govindarajan, of Harvard School of Business, further relates that while this issue rate is increasing GE is only skimming the surface of potential emerging market harvest-time (General Electric, 2009).Microsoft Corporation and the Performance GapThe speed at which technology grows continues to accelerate at an astounding rate. This development is not limited the developed world, emerging economies are also growing and the need for software to accommodate this growing market is increasing. However, buyers in the developing world cannot demand the sky-high levels of performance that developed countries are accustomed (Govindarajan, 2012). It is for this reason that the Microsoft Corporation has developed starter software geared to a demographic that needs certain outcomes from their software but require a price point that is acceptable for the relative income.To twosome the performance gap in emerging countries, a global business must revamp its locating concerning product lineups. Rather than managing products with a good-better-best approach, reverse innovation points to the needs of the consumers and develops a product that meets consumer demands. According, to Govindarajan (2012), it is impossible to design to that radical ratio if you begin with the hold outing offering. The only way to get to an entirely new price-performance bendi ng is by starting from scratch (Para. 11). Thus, by starting from scratch Microsofts Starter Software created an offering that met the real needs at a realistic price.John Deere and the Sustainability GapOne of the major challenges of emerging economies is need to balance the product development and the environmental concerns associated with the products. As state by Govindarajan (2012), If the 5.8 billion of the worlds poor consume and produce goods in ways that are environmentally unsound, the results will be catastrophic for poor countries and for the planet (Para.20). The John Deere Corporation is a great example of how global business can influence the sustainability of emerging economies.When entering the Indian market, John Deere looked at the current state of floriculture production in the country and decided to start from scratch on the new models for the country. Deere typically produced large tractor models, geared to handle large tracts of land, which burned large amou nts of fuel. This concept was not sustainable in India, a country that typically farmed on smaller tracts of land and that did not have access to readily acquirable fuel distribution that would be required for higher output (Balakrishnan, 2012). Thus Deeres product offering called the Krish, a 35 horsepower low consumption model, has been a success and Deere now considers its Indian operations a center of excellence. Govindarajan (2012) states, The only way poor countries can sustain economic growth is through green solutions (Para. 19) Deeres work in India truly represents this thought process.PepsiCo and the Preferences GapAs stated in old sections one of the key parts of reverse innovation is the understanding of consumer needs. Every country in the world has its own sets of tastes, its own habit and its own rituals successful reverse innovators such as PepsiCo understand this concept. As stated by Govindarajan (2012), PepsiCo is developing new snack foods based not on corn (ubiquitous in the rich world), but on lentils hardly a food most Americans grow up eating (Para. 23). PepsiCo has been able to not only identify the product needs and wants of the emerging economy but it also was able to bring trickle up product promotion to other countries including Australia and New Zealand (Kaul, 2012).By design products that fit with the preferences of the society they are designed for, global business leaders, are able to open new doors for revenue. Further once these social trends are established they can help to close the preference gaps that exist between unexploited and developing economies. Eventually these social norms will bridge the differences between the two economies and merging marketing styles that are acceptable to both consumer markets.The Regulatory Gap and diagnostics for AllDiagnostics for All is a small Boston startup that has developed a paper-based diagnostic tested for sweat, blood, urine, and saliva (Wright, 2012). This bare(a) test has substantial impact on the ability to meet theneeds of individuals in emerging economies, curiously those consumers in rural areas. Diagnostics for All had multiple reasons for choosing to first release its products in emerging economies rather than typical developed markets. One of these reasons is largely referenced to the regulatory gap between developed and undeveloped economies. As noted by Wright (2012) Despite the attractiveness of such a solution for the developed world, Diagnostics For All chose to commercialize in the developing world so as to sidestep the painstaking aliment and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process (Para. 4).Diagnostics for All, usage of emerging economies regulatory gaps, should not be construed as way to cheat the system and get unsafe innovations fast tracked. Rather regulatory gaps when used as in the case of Diagnostics for All enjoy the advantages of lower friction and faster progress. Govindarajan (2012) notes, in making this observation , we do not mean to suggest that low levels of regulation in an emerging market are either a good thing or a bad thing it simply is what it is, and it may sometimes provide an advantageous medium for certain innovations (Para. 18).Reverse Innovation and Marginalized MarketsThe five gaps noted above represent the challenges that global business must recognize when entering new and emerging markets end-to-end the world. These gaps are the reason that capturing opportunities in the poor world means starting from scratch, and reverse innovation is what can be call clean slate innovation (Govindarajan, 2012). However, some industry thinking presents the ideals that marginalized markets do not warrant enough potential to justify the investment. Yet when consideration is given to the actual size of the markets, this thinking has to be reconsidered.One company that truly represents the ideology of reverse innovation in marginalized markets is Tata, manufacture of the Nano, the worlds most affordable car. The Nano was not a trimmed down version of another auto made for another market. Rather the Nano was developed for the Indian market with Indian design requirements featuring clever designs to meet the needs of the market. As stated by Govindarajan 2012, the Nano willmake car ownership possible for 65 percent more Indians of the middle class, all of them eager for a safer alternative to motorbikes (Para. 29).ConclusionThere are many reasons that multinational enterprises should practice reverse innovation, but most importantly is the need to protect their investments. If MNEs fail to practice reverse innovation, local companies will and the innovations that they create will eventually influence the pecuniary well-being of the MNEs. Further MNEs success rate for reverse innovation will be much higher if the five need gaps are met. By developing an attitude of ground up plan and focus on the needs, wants, and interests of the host countries reverse innovation can b ecome a win-win situation for all parties involved. As noted by (2012) the new reality is that the future is far from home (Para. 19). IF MNEs do want remain competitive through the practice of reverse innovation, the must be just as interested about the problems of the emerging countries as they are about the problems of rich countries.ReferencesBalakrishnan, R. (2012, April 19). Professor Govindarajan speaks on reverse innovation & how different it is from jugaad. The Economic Times. Retrieved November 2, 2012, from http//140.234.17.98080/EPSessionID=7199bf3ac2fa789d6d5b354eb6e83ee/EPHost=search.proquest.com/EPPath/pqcentral/docview/1002436214/fulltext?accountid=13979 General Electric. (2009, kinfolk 22). Reverse Innovation How GE is Disrupting Itself. Retrieved from GE Reports http//www.gereports.com/reverse-innovation-how-ge-is-disrupting-itself/ Govindarajan, V. (2012, September 1). Reverse Innovation A Global Growth Strategy that could Pre-empt disruption at home. Strategy an d Leadership. Retrieved November 02, 2012, from http//ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.sckans.edu/ehost/ fact?vid=3&hid=114&sid=464200e6-81f9-4713-8506-4d71ffdcb55a%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRldb=fb4602ab&AN= Kaul, V. (2012, April 16). Reverse Innovation is Not Optional. It is Oxygen Q & A Vijay Govindarajan. DNA Daily tidings & Analysis. Retrieved November 1, 2012,